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*Department of Anesthesia and
INSERM E 332, Hôpital Ambroise Pare, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Boulogne, France; and
Outcomes Research Institute and Departments of Anesthesiology and Pharmacology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Marcel Chauvin, MD, Department of Anesthesia, Hôpital Ambroise Pare, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Boulogne 92100, France. Address e-mail to marcel.chauvin{at}apr.ap-hop-paris.fr
Opioids alone sometimes provide insufficient postoperative analgesia. Coadministration of drugs may reduce opioid use and improve opioid efficacy. We therefore tested the hypothesis that the administration of ketamine or nefopam to postoperative patients with pain only partly alleviated by morphine reduces the amount of subsequent opioid necessary to produce adequate analgesia. Patients (n = 77) recovering from major surgery were given up to 9 mg of IV morphine. Those who still had pain were randomly assigned to blinded administration of 1) isotonic saline (control group; n = 21), 2) ketamine 10 mg (ketamine group; n = 22), or 3) nefopam 20 mg (nefopam group; n = 22). Three-milligram morphine boluses were subsequently given at 5-min intervals until adequate analgesia was obtained, until 60 min elapsed after the beginning of study drug administration, or until ventilation became insufficient (respiratory rate <10 breaths/min or saturation by pulse oximetry <95%). Supplemental morphine (i.e., after test drug administration) requirements were significantly more in the control group (mean ± SD; 17 ± 10 mg) than in the nefopam (10 ± 5 mg; P < 0.005) or ketamine (9 ± 5 mg; P < 0.001) groups. Morphine titration was successful in all ketamine and nefopam patients but failed in four control patients (two because of respiratory toxicity and two because of persistent pain). Tachycardia and profuse sweating were more frequent in patients given nefopam, and sedation was more intense with ketamine; however, the incidence of other potential complications did not differ among groups.
IMPLICATIONS: Ketamine 10 mg and nefopam 20 mg comparably potentiate opioid analgesia; each reduces opioid requirements by approximately 40%. Ketamine administration was associated with sedation, whereas nefopam produced tachycardia and sweating. However, none of the side effects was serious. Either drug can thus be used to potentiate opioid analgesia.
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