This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a colleague Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in Web of Science Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Web of Science (6) Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Kawati, R. Articles by Lichtwarck-Aschoff, M. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Kawati, R. Articles by Lichtwarck-Aschoff, M.

---

GENERAL ARTICLES

Peak Airway Pressure Increase Is a Late Warning Sign of Partial Endotracheal Tube Obstruction Whereas Change in Expiratory Flow Is an Early Warning Sign

Rafael Kawati, MD^*, Marco Lattuada, MD, Ulf Sjöstrand, MD, PhD^*, Josef Guttmann, PhD, Göran Hedenstierna, MD, PhD, Alois Helmer, MD, and Michael Lichtwarck-Aschoff, MD, PhD^*

From the Departments of *Surgical, and Medical Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Germany, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Klinikum Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Rafael Kawati, MD, DEAA, Department of Surgical Sciences/Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-75185, Uppsala, Sweden. Address e-mail to r.kawati{at}telia.com.

If peak inspiratory airway pressure (Ppeak) is used to monitor airway patency, progressive obstruction of the endotracheal tube (ETT) resulting from secretions can go undetected for a prolonged period. The reason is that any increase in Ppeak depends not only on the degree of narrowing but also on the inspiratory flow () rate. Although the impact of narrowing on low inspiratory is small, its decelerating effect on the high expiratory is pronounced and, hence, easily detectable. Dividing the volume-flow curve of a passive expiration into five consecutive segments (slices) and calculating the time constants (_E) of these slices allows for analyzing whether and how expiratory is impeded by a partial obstruction. In nine piglets, during volume-controlled ventilation, three grades of ETT obstruction were created with an external clamp. In all animals the _E increased with ETT obstruction (mean for the first slice: 550 ms with unobstructed ETT; grade 1: 661; grade 2: 877; and grade 3: 1563 ms, respectively) and this increase was significant with grade 2 and 3 obstruction. Ppeak, by contrast, did not increase significantly (base: 13, grade 1: 14, grade 2: 15 cm H₂O) until the most severe (grade 3: 20 cm H₂O) obstruction was created. We conclude that partial obstruction of the ETT can be reliably monitored with the expiratory signal and has the potential of monitoring ETT narrowing in ventilator-dependent patients independent of the inspiratory pattern applied.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				M. C. Unzueta, J. I. Casas, and M. V. Moral Pressure-Controlled Versus Volume-Controlled Ventilation During One-Lung Ventilation for Thoracic Surgery Anesth. Analg., May 1, 2007; 104(5): 1029 - 1033. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Kawati, L. Vimlati, J. Guttmann, G. Hedenstierna, U. Sjostrand, S. Schumann, and M. Lichtwarck-Aschoff Change in expiratory flow detects partial endotracheal tube obstruction in pressure-controlled ventilation. Anesth. Analg., September 1, 2006; 103(3): 650 - 657. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]