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Anesth Analg 2008; 106:392-403
© 2008 International Anesthesia Research Society
doi: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181602e0d
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CARDIOVASCULAR ANESTHESIOLOGY

Anaphylaxis During Cardiac Surgery: Implications for Clinicians

Jerrold H. Levy, MD*, and N. Franklin Adkinson, Jr, MD{dagger}

From the *Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; and {dagger}Johns Hopkins Asthma & Allergy Center, Division Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Baltimore, Maryland.

Address correspondence to Jerrold H. Levy, MD, Emory Hospital, 1364 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322.

Abstract

During surgery, patients are exposed to multiple foreign substances including anesthetic drugs, antibiotics, blood products, heparin, polypeptides (aprotinin, latex, and protamine), and intravascular volume expanders, which have the potential to produce life-threatening allergic reactions termed "anaphylaxis." The hallmark of perioperative anaphylaxis is acute cardiovascular and pulmonary dysfunction. Patients undergoing cardiac surgery have extensive monitoring that permits rapid recognition and treatment when anaphylaxis occurs. Initial, smaller doses of drugs, often called test doses, administered before the therapeutic dose may produce anaphylaxis, and so clinicians need to be prepared to treat reactions if they occur. Institution of cardiopulmonary bypass for hemodynamically unstable patients can be a life-saving maneuver, and should be considered in patients with refractory cardiovascular dysfunction. Arginine vasopressin should also be considered for patients with vasodilatory shock. In this review, we focus on recent concepts in understanding the incidence and management approaches for patients at risk for anaphylaxis in the operating room setting, with an emphasis on cardiac surgical patients.




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Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins Anesthesia & Analgesia® is published for the International Anesthesia Research Society® by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins with the assistance of Stanford University Libraries' HighWire Press®. Copyright 2006 by the International Anesthesia Research Society. Online ISSN: 1526-7598   Print ISSN: 0003-2999 HighWire Press
Copyright © 2008 by the International Anesthesia Research Society.