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CARDIOVASCULAR ANESTHESIOLOGY

The Feasibility of Epicardial Echocardiography for Measuring Aortic Valve Area by the Continuity Equation

Jan N. Hilberath, MD^*, Stanton K. Shernan, MD^*, Scott Segal, MD^*, Brian Smith, MD^*, and Holger K. Eltzschig, MD, PhD

From the *Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, Colorado; and Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Tübingen University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany.

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Holger K. Eltzschig, MD, PhD, Mucosal Inflammation Program, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Colorado Health Science Center, 4200 E. Ninth Ave., Campus Box B112, Denver, CO 80262. Address e-mail to holger.eltzschig{at}uchsc.edu.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Measuring the aortic valve area (AVA) remains an important component of a comprehensive intraoperative echocardiographic examination in patients undergoing aortic valve surgery. Epicardial echocardiography (EE) represents an accessible alternative to transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), however, its agreement and correlation with other imaging modalities for measuring AVA has not been systematically validated.

METHODS: EE was used in 85 patients undergoing cardiac surgery to measure AVA (AVA-EE) using the continuity equation. AVA-EE was compared to measurements obtained by intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (AVA-TEE) in the same population. In a subset of patients, AVA-EE was also compared to AVA measurements from either preoperative transthoracic echocardiography (AVA-TTE) (n = 65) or cardiac catheterization (AVA-Cath) (n = 35) that were acquired within 4 wk before the date of surgery.

RESULTS: Adequate trans-AV Doppler recordings were obtained in 94% of patients for AVA-TEE and 100% of patients for AVA-EE. EE measurements of AVA showed close agreement with TEE measurements (mean difference [bias] ± 95% CI = –0.09 cm² ± 0.18 cm², r² = 0.83, P < 0.0001). AVA-EE also agreed well with AVA-Cath (mean difference ± 95% CI = –0.03 cm² ± 0.12 cm², r² = 0.87, P < 0.0001) and AVA-TTE (mean difference ± 95% CI = –0.06 cm² ± 0.22 cm², r² = 0.81, P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS: EE measurements of AVA by the continuity equation show high agreement and closely correlate with established techniques of AVA assessment.

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Anesthesia & Analgesia® is published for the International Anesthesia Research Society® by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins with the assistance of Stanford University Libraries' HighWire Press®. Copyright 2006 by the International Anesthesia Research Society. Online ISSN: 1526-7598   Print ISSN: 0003-2999