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ECONOMICS AND HEALTH SYSTEMS RESEARCH

How Much Are Patients Willing to Pay to Avoid Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting?

Tong J. Gan, MB, FRCA, FFARCS(I)^*, Frank Sloan, PhD, Guy de L Dear, MB, FRCA^*, Habib E. El-Moalem, PhD^*, and David A. Lubarsky, MD, MBA^*

*Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center; Center for Health Policy, Law, and Management, Duke University; and Fuqua School of Business, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina

Address correspondence and reprint requests to T. J. Gan, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3094, Durham, NC 27710. Address e-mail to gan00001{at}mc.duke.edu

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are unpleasant experiences. However, there is no drug that is completely effective in preventing PONV. Whereas cost effectiveness analyses rely on specific health outcomes (e.g., years of life saved), cost-benefit analyses assess the cost and benefit of medical therapy in terms of dollars. We hypothesized that patients were willing to pay for a hypothetical new drug that would eliminate PONV. Eighty elective day surgical patients using general anesthesia participated in the study. After their recovery in the postanesthetic care unit, they were asked to complete an interactive computer questionnaire on demographics, the value of avoiding PONV, and their willingness to pay for an antiemetic. Patients were willing to pay US$56 (US$26–US$97; median, 25%–75%) for an antiemetic that would completely prevent PONV. Patients who developed nausea (n = 21; 26%) and vomiting (n = 9; 11%) were willing to pay US$73 (US$44–US$110) and $100 (US$61–US$200; median, 25%–75%), respectively (P < 0.05). Seventy-six percent of patients considered avoiding postoperative nausea and 78% of patients considered avoiding vomiting as important (50 mm on a 0–100-mm visual analog scale). Nausea or vomiting in the postanesthetic care unit, greater patient income, previous history of PONV, more importance placed on avoiding nausea and vomiting, increasing age, and being married are independent covariates that increase the willingness to pay estimates. Patients associated a value with the avoidance of PONV and were willing to pay between US$56 and US$100 for a completely effective antiemetic.

Implications: We have established a cost-benefit analysis for an antiemetic therapy. Patients highly value avoiding postoperative nausea and vomiting. The amount they are willing to pay for a totally effective antiemetic is US$61–$US113..

Anesthesia & Analgesia® is published for the International Anesthesia Research Society® by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins with the assistance of Stanford University Libraries' HighWire Press®. Copyright 2006 by the International Anesthesia Research Society. Online ISSN: 1526-7598   Print ISSN: 0003-2999