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REGIONAL ANESTHESIA AND PAIN MEDICINE

Antinociceptive Interaction Between Spinal Clonidine and Lidocaine in the Rat Formalin Test: An Isobolographic Analysis

Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, Japan

Address correspondence to Shuanglin Hao, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, S-522, BST, Pittsburgh, PA 15213. Address reprint requests to Dr. Hiroshi Iwasaki, Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Asahikawa Medical College, Midorigaoka-Higashi, 2-1-1-1, Asahikawa, 078-8510 Japan.

Clinical and basic science studies suggest that spinal -2-adrenergic receptor agonists and local anesthetics produce analgesia, but interaction between -2-adrenergic receptor agonists and local anesthetics in the persistent pain model has not been examined. In the present study, using isobolographic analysis, we investigated the antinociceptive interaction of intrathecal clonidine and lidocaine in the rat formalin test. Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with chronic lumbar intrathecal catheters, and were tested for paw flinch by formalin injection. Biphasic painful behavior was counted. Intrathecal clonidine (3–12 nmol) was administered 15 min before formalin, and intrathecal lidocaine (375–1850 nmol) was administered 5 min before formalin. To examine the interaction of intrathecal clonidine and lidocaine, an isobolographic design was used. Spinal administration of clonidine produced dose-dependent suppression of the biphasic responses in the formalin test. Spinal lidocaine resulted in dose-dependent transient motor dysfunction and the motor dysfunction recovered to normal at 10–15 min after administration. Spinal lidocaine produced dose-dependent suppression of phase-2 activity in the formalin test. Isobolographic analysis showed that the combination of intrathecal clonidine and lidocaine synergistically reduced Phase-2 activity. We conclude that intrathecal clonidine synergistically interacts with lidocaine in reducing the nociceptive response in the formalin test.

Implications: Preformalin administration of intrathecal clonidine and lidocaine dose-dependently produced antinociception in the formalin test. The combination of clonidine and lidocaine, synergistically produced suppression of nociceptive response in the persistent pain model.