Anesth Analg 2001;92:1111-1116
© 2001 International Anesthesia Research Society
CARDIOVASCULAR ANESTHESIA
The Detection of Interatrial Flow Patency in Awake and Anesthetized Patients: A Comparative Study Using Transnasal Transesophageal Echocardiography
Clemens-A. Greim, MD,
Herbert Trautner, MD,
Katharina Krämer, MD,
Peter Zimmermann, MD,
Christian C. Apfel, MD, and
Norbert Roewer, MD
Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Address correspondence and reprint request to C.-A. Greim, MD, Klinik für Anaesthesiologie der Universität Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany. Address e-mail to cgreim{at}anaesthesie.uni-wuerzburg.de
The Valsalva maneuver in the awake patient and the ventilation maneuver in the tracheally intubated anesthetized patient are two provocation methods to detect a patent foramen ovale (PFO) by means of contrast transesophageal echocardiography. In 60 patients undergoing posterior fossa surgery, a contrast agent was administered via a peripheral vein during a Valsalva maneuver immediately before anesthesia induction, followed by central venous administration during a ventilation maneuver in the same patients when anesthetized and endotracheally intubated. We evaluated both maneuvers with a 32-element monoplane transnasal transesophageal echocardiography probe to trace the atrial flow of the contrast agent in a 90° bicaval view. A maneuver was rated positive when more than four bubbles appeared in the left atrium during the first three cardiac cycles after intrathoracic pressure release. The right atrial cross-sectional area before pressure release, and the peak septal excursion during atrial contrast opacification, were measured. McNemar’s test was used to assess a paired dichotomous response on the two maneuvers for a significant difference. In 56 patients, the ventilation maneuver was significantly (P < 0.037) more often positive for PFO (n = 14) than the Valsalva maneuver (n = 7). Although there was no difference in the methods regarding the peak septal excursion, the mean right atrial area before pressure release was significantly smaller during the ventilation maneuver than during the Valsalva maneuver (11.2 ± 3.1 cm2 vs 14.4 ± 3.3 cm2, n = 42, P < 0.05). In the patients with a positive ventilation, but a negative Valsalva maneuver, the discrepancy was even larger (10.9 ± 4.4 cm2 vs 16.3 ± 4.2 cm2, n = 7, P < 0.001). We conclude that the ventilation maneuver is superior to the Valsalva maneuver in detecting PFO. Our data suggest that a peak pressure of 30 cm H2O during the ventilation maneuver achieves a more pronounced reduction in right atrial load and allows right atrial pressure to exceed left atrial pressure when intrathoracic pressure is released.
Implications: A controlled ventilation maneuver in anesthetized patients immediately before posterior fossa surgery may be superior to the preoperative Valsalva maneuver in detecting a patent foramen ovale by contrast transesophageal echocardiography. This approach identifies patients at high risk for paradoxic embolism, but it is not practical for preoperative identification of patients who might benefit from patent foramen ovale closure before surgery.
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