JOURNAL HOME CME HOME THIS MONTH PAST ISSUES ETOC COLLECTIONS
AUTHORS REVIEWERS EDITORIAL BOARD FEEDBACK RSS HELP
A&A International Anesthesia Research Society
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow An erratum has been published
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a colleague
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in Web of Science
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Web of Science (106)
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Sonner, J. M.
Right arrow Articles by Eger, E. I
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Sonner, J. M.
Right arrow Articles by Eger, E. I, II
Related Collections
Right arrow Mechanisms
Right arrow Pharmacology

Anesth Analg 2003;97:718-740
© 2003 International Anesthesia Research Society

ANESTHETIC PHARMACOLOGY

Inhaled Anesthetics and Immobility: Mechanisms, Mysteries, and Minimum Alveolar Anesthetic Concentration

James M. Sonner, MD*, Joseph F. Antognini, MD{dagger}, Robert C. Dutton, MD*, Pamela Flood, MD{ddagger}, Andrew T. Gray, MD PhD*, R. Adron Harris, PhD§, Gregg E. Homanics, PhD||, Joan Kendig, PhD, Beverley Orser, MD#, Douglas E. Raines, MD**, James Trudell, PhD, Bryce Vissel, PhD{dagger}{dagger}, and Edmond I Eger, II, MD* Section Editor

*Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California; {dagger}Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, Davis, California; {ddagger}Columbia University, New York, New York; §University of Texas, Austin, Texas; ||University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; ¶Stanford University, Palo Alto, California; #University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; **Department of Anaesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and {dagger}{dagger}Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia

Address correspondence and reprint requests to James M. Sonner, MD, Department of Anesthesia, S-455, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0464. Address e-mail to sonnerj{at}anesthesia ucsf.edu.

Studies using molecular modeling, genetic engineering, neurophysiology/pharmacology, and whole animals have advanced our understanding of where and how inhaled anesthetics act to produce immobility (minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration; MAC) by actions on the spinal cord. Numerous ligand- and voltage-gated channels might plausibly mediate MAC, and specific animo acid sites in certain receptors present likely candidates for mediation. However, in vivo studies to date suggest that several channels or receptors may not be mediators (e.g., {gamma}-aminobutyric acid A, acetylcholine, potassium, 5-hydroxytryptamine-3, opioids, and {alpha}2-adrenergic), whereas other receptors/channels (e.g., glycine, N-methyl-D-aspartate, and sodium) remain credible candidates.




This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Br J AnaesthHome page
H. C. Hemmings Jr.
Sodium channels and the synaptic mechanisms of inhaled anaesthetics
Br. J. Anaesth., July 1, 2009; 103(1): 61 - 69.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Br J AnaesthHome page
R. I. Westphalen, R. S. Gomez, and H. C. Hemmings Jr
Nicotinic receptor-evoked hippocampal norepinephrine release is highly sensitive to inhibition by isoflurane
Br. J. Anaesth., March 1, 2009; 102(3): 355 - 360.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurophysiol.Home page
X. Chen, S. Shu, D. P. Kennedy, S. C. Willcox, and D. A. Bayliss
Subunit-Specific Effects of Isoflurane on Neuronal Ih in HCN1 Knockout Mice
J Neurophysiol, January 1, 2009; 101(1): 129 - 140.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Br J AnaesthHome page
R. J. Brosnan and T. L. Pham
Carbon dioxide negatively modulates N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors
Br. J. Anaesth., November 1, 2008; 101(5): 673 - 679.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
T. Seto, H. Isogai, M. Ozaki, and S. Nosaka
Noble Gas Binding to Human Serum Albumin Using Docking Simulation: Nonimmobilizers and Anesthetics Bind to Different Sites
Anesth. Analg., October 1, 2008; 107(4): 1223 - 1228.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
E. I. Eger II, D. E. Raines, S. L. Shafer, H. C. Hemmings Jr, and J. M. Sonner
Is a New Paradigm Needed to Explain How Inhaled Anesthetics Produce Immobility?
Anesth. Analg., September 1, 2008; 107(3): 832 - 848.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
L. Yang and J. M. Sonner
Anesthetic-Like Modulation of Receptor Function by Surfactants: A Test of the Interfacial Theory of Anesthesia
Anesth. Analg., September 1, 2008; 107(3): 868 - 874.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
E. I. Eger II, M. Tang, M. Liao, M. J. Laster, K. Solt, P. Flood, A. Jenkins, D. Raines, J. F. Hendrickx, S. L. Shafer, et al.
Inhaled Anesthetics Do Not Combine to Produce Synergistic Effects Regarding Minimum Alveolar Anesthetic Concentration in Rats
Anesth. Analg., August 1, 2008; 107(2): 479 - 485.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
M. G. Sommers, N.-K. Nguyen, J. G. Veening, K. C. Vissers, M. Ritskes-Hoitinga, and J. van Egmond
Suppression of Noxious-Induced C-Fos Expression in the Rat Lumbar Spinal Cord by Isoflurane Alone or Combined with Fentanyl
Anesth. Analg., April 1, 2008; 106(4): 1303 - 1308.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Br J AnaesthHome page
R. Duarte, A. McNeill, G. Drummond, and B. Tiplady
Comparison of the sedative, cognitive, and analgesic effects of nitrous oxide, sevoflurane, and ethanol
Br. J. Anaesth., February 1, 2008; 100(2): 203 - 210.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.Home page
A.-M. Linden, C. Sandu, M. I. Aller, O. Y. Vekovischeva, P. H. Rosenberg, W. Wisden, and E. R. Korpi
TASK-3 Knockout Mice Exhibit Exaggerated Nocturnal Activity, Impairments in Cognitive Functions, and Reduced Sensitivity to Inhalation Anesthetics
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., December 1, 2007; 323(3): 924 - 934.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
C. W. Buffington, M. J. Laster, K. Jankowska, and E. I. Eger II
Concentrations of Isoflurane Exceeding Those Used Clinically Slightly Increase the Affinity of Methane, but Not Toluene, for Water
Anesth. Analg., December 1, 2007; 105(6): 1675 - 1680.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
J. G. Bovill
Anesthetic Pharmacology: Reflections of a Section Editor
Anesth. Analg., November 1, 2007; 105(5): 1186 - 1190.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
T. Engelhardt, M. K. Chan, A. J. McCheyne, C. Karsli, I. Luginbuehl, and B. Bissonnette
The Effect of Varying Continuous Propofol Infusions on Plasma Cyclic Guanosine 3',5'-Monophosphate Concentrations in Anesthetized Children
Anesth. Analg., September 1, 2007; 105(3): 616 - 619.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
R. Ramani, M. Qiu, and R. T. Constable
Sevoflurane 0.25 MAC Preferentially Affects Higher Order Association Areas: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study in Volunteers
Anesth. Analg., September 1, 2007; 105(3): 648 - 655.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
M. Cascio, Y. Xing, D. Gong, J. Popovich, E. I. Eger II, S. Sen, G. Peltz, and J. M. Sonner
Mouse Chromosome 7 Harbors a Quantitative Trait Locus for Isoflurane Minimum Alveolar Concentration
Anesth. Analg., August 1, 2007; 105(2): 381 - 385.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
I. Andres-Enguix, A. Caley, R. Yustos, M. A. Schumacher, P. D. Spanu, R. Dickinson, M. Maze, and N. P. Franks
Determinants of the Anesthetic Sensitivity of Two-pore Domain Acid-sensitive Potassium Channels: MOLECULAR CLONING OF AN ANESTHETIC-ACTIVATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL FROM LYMNAEA STAGNALIS
J. Biol. Chem., July 20, 2007; 282(29): 20977 - 20990.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
M. Irifune, N. Kikuchi, T. Saida, T. Takarada, Y. Shimizu, C. Endo, K. Morita, T. Dohi, T. Sato, and M. Kawahara
Riluzole, a Glutamate Release Inhibitor, Induces Loss of Righting Reflex, Antinociception, and Immobility in Response to Noxious Stimulation in Mice
Anesth. Analg., June 1, 2007; 104(6): 1415 - 1421.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
S. Katayama, M. Irifune, N. Kikuchi, T. Takarada, Y. Shimizu, C. Endo, T. Takata, T. Dohi, T. Sato, and M. Kawahara
Increased {gamma}-Aminobutyric Acid Levels in Mouse Brain Induce Loss of Righting Reflex, but Not Immobility, in Response to Noxious Stimulation
Anesth. Analg., June 1, 2007; 104(6): 1422 - 1429.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Br J AnaesthHome page
C. Vahle-Hinz, O. Detsch, C. Hackner, and E. Kochs
Corresponding minimum alveolar concentrations of isoflurane and isoflurane/nitrous oxide have divergent effects on thalamic nociceptive signalling
Br. J. Anaesth., February 1, 2007; 98(2): 228 - 235.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
Y. Huang, X. Feng, J. J. Sando, and Z. Zuo
Critical Role of Serine 465 in Isoflurane-induced Increase of Cell-surface Redistribution and Activity of Glutamate Transporter Type 3
J. Biol. Chem., December 15, 2006; 281(50): 38133 - 38138.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Br J AnaesthHome page
C. Grasshoff and B. Antkowiak
Effects of isoflurane and enflurane on GABAA and glycine receptors contribute equally to depressant actions on spinal ventral horn neurones in rats
Br. J. Anaesth., November 1, 2006; 97(5): 687 - 694.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Br J AnaesthHome page
S. Cechova and Z. Zuo
Inhibition of glutamate transporters increases the minimum alveolar concentration for isoflurane in rats
Br. J. Anaesth., August 1, 2006; 97(2): 192 - 195.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
R. Brosnan, D. Gong, J. Cotten, B. Keshavaprasad, C. S. Yost, E. I. Eger II, and J. M. Sonner
Chirality in Anesthesia II: Stereoselective Modulation of Ion Channel Function by Secondary Alcohol Enantiomers.
Anesth. Analg., July 1, 2006; 103(1): 86 - 91.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
R. A. Whittington and L. Virag
Isoflurane decreases extracellular serotonin in the mouse hippocampus.
Anesth. Analg., July 1, 2006; 103(1): 92 - 98.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.Home page
A.-M. Linden, M. I. Aller, E. Leppa, O. Vekovischeva, T. Aitta-aho, E. L. Veale, A. Mathie, P. Rosenberg, W. Wisden, and E. R. Korpi
The in Vivo Contributions of TASK-1-Containing Channels to the Actions of Inhalation Anesthetics, the {alpha}2 Adrenergic Sedative Dexmedetomidine, and Cannabinoid Agonists
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., May 1, 2006; 317(2): 615 - 626.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
R. C. Dutton, M. J. Laster, Y. Xing, J. M. Sonner, D. E. Raines, K. Solt, and E. I. Eger II
Do N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptors Mediate the Capacity of Inhaled Anesthetics to Suppress the Temporal Summation that Contributes to Minimum Alveolar Concentration?
Anesth. Analg., May 1, 2006; 102(5): 1412 - 1418.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
A. Won, I. Oh, M. Liao, J. M. Sonner, R. A. Harris, M. J. Laster, R. Brosnan, J. R. Trudell, and E. I. Eger II
The minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration of 2-, 3-, and 4-alcohols and ketones in rats: relevance to anesthetic mechanisms.
Anesth. Analg., May 1, 2006; 102(5): 1419 - 1426.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am J Health Syst PharmHome page
J. Stachnik
Inhaled anesthetic agents
Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm., April 1, 2006; 63(7): 623 - 634.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Br J AnaesthHome page
T. Engelhardt, P. R. Lowe, H. F. Galley, and N. R. Webster
Inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase reduces isoflurane MAC and motor activity even in nNOS knockout mice
Br. J. Anaesth., March 1, 2006; 96(3): 361 - 366.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurophysiol.Home page
X. Chen, S. Shu, and D. A. Bayliss
Suppression of Ih Contributes to Propofol-Induced Inhibition of Mouse Cortical Pyramidal Neurons
J Neurophysiol, December 1, 2005; 94(6): 3872 - 3883.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
B. Keshavaprasad, C. Liu, J. D. Au, C. H. Kindler, J. F. Cotten, and C. S. Yost
Species-Specific Differences in Response to Anesthetics and Other Modulators by the K2P Channel TRESK
Anesth. Analg., October 1, 2005; 101(4): 1042 - 1049.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
T. Engelhardt, J. MacDonald, H. F. Galley, and N. R. Webster
Selective Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibition Does Not Reduce Propofol Sedation Requirements but Affects Speed of Recovery and Plasma Cyclic Guanosine 3',5'-Monophosphate Concentrations in Healthy Volunteers
Anesth. Analg., October 1, 2005; 101(4): 1050 - 1053.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
E. Salmi, J. W. Langsjo, S. Aalto, K. Nagren, L. Metsahonkala, K. K. Kaisti, E. R. Korpi, J. Hietala, and H. Scheinin
Subanesthetic Ketamine Does Not Affect 11C-Flumazenil Binding in Humans
Anesth. Analg., September 1, 2005; 101(3): 722 - 725.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
M. Liao, J. M. Sonner, R. Jurd, U. Rudolph, C. M. Borghese, R. A. Harris, M. J. Laster, and E. I. Eger II
{beta}3-Containing Gamma-Aminobutyric AcidA Receptors Are Not Major Targets for the Amnesic and Immobilizing Actions of Isoflurane
Anesth. Analg., August 1, 2005; 101(2): 412 - 418.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Physiol.Home page
P. M Joksovic, D. A Bayliss, and S. M Todorovic
Different kinetic properties of two T-type Ca2+ currents of rat reticular thalamic neurones and their modulation by enflurane
J. Physiol., July 1, 2005; 566(1): 125 - 142.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
X. Chen, J. E. Sirois, Q. Lei, E. M. Talley, C. Lynch III, and D. A. Bayliss
HCN Subunit-Specific and cAMP-Modulated Effects of Anesthetics on Neuronal Pacemaker Currents
J. Neurosci., June 15, 2005; 25(24): 5803 - 5814.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
T. Yamakura, A. R. Askalany, A. B. Petrenko, T. Kohno, H. Baba, and K. Sakimura
The NR3B Subunit Does Not Alter the Anesthetic Sensitivities of Recombinant N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptors
Anesth. Analg., June 1, 2005; 100(6): 1687 - 1692.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Br J AnaesthHome page
A. Dinse, K. J. Fohr, M. Georgieff, C. Beyer, A. Bulling, and H. U. Weigt
Xenon reduces glutamate-, AMPA-, and kainate-induced membrane currents in cortical neurones
Br. J. Anaesth., April 1, 2005; 94(4): 479 - 485.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.Home page
W. Ouyang and H. C. Hemmings Jr.
Depression by Isoflurane of the Action Potential and Underlying Voltage-Gated Ion Currents in Isolated Rat Neurohypophysial Nerve Terminals
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., February 1, 2005; 312(2): 801 - 808.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
C. Liu, J. D. Au, H. L. Zou, J. F. Cotten, and C. S. Yost
Potent Activation of the Human Tandem Pore Domain K Channel TRESK with Clinical Concentrations of Volatile Anesthetics
Anesth. Analg., December 1, 2004; 99(6): 1715 - 1722.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
E. Salmi, K. K. Kaisti, L. Metsahonkala, V. Oikonen, S. Aalto, K. Nagren, S. Hinkka, J. Hietala, E. R. Korpi, and H. Scheinin
Sevoflurane and Propofol Increase 11C-Flumazenil Binding to Gamma-Aminobutyric AcidA Receptors in Humans
Anesth. Analg., November 1, 2004; 99(5): 1420 - 1426.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
J. C. Sewell and J. W. Sear
Derivation of Preliminary Three-Dimensional Pharmacophores for Nonhalogenated Volatile Anesthetics
Anesth. Analg., September 1, 2004; 99(3): 744 - 751.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
I. A. Lobo, M. P. Mascia, J. R. Trudell, and R. A. Harris
Channel Gating of the Glycine Receptor Changes Accessibility to Residues Implicated in Receptor Potentiation by Alcohols and Anesthetics
J. Biol. Chem., August 6, 2004; 279(32): 33919 - 33927.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Physiol.Home page
D. J. Sandstrom
Isoflurane depresses glutamate release by reducing neuronal excitability at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction
J. Physiol., July 15, 2004; 558(2): 489 - 502.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.Home page
M. Shiraishi and R. A. Harris
Effects of Alcohols and Anesthetics on Recombinant Voltage-Gated Na+ Channels
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., June 1, 2004; 309(3): 987 - 994.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
N. L. Harrison
Knockin' on the Door of General Anesthetic Mechanisms: But Will U.S. Researchers Be Shut Out?
Anesth. Analg., September 1, 2003; 97(3): 616 - 618.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins Anesthesia & Analgesia® is published for the International Anesthesia Research Society® by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins and Stanford University Libraries' HighWire Press®. Copyright 2003 by the International Anesthesia Research Society. Online ISSN: 1526-7598   Print ISSN: 0003-2999 HighWire Press
Copyright © 2003 by the International Anesthesia Research Society.