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CARDIOVASCULAR ANESTHESIA

Protein Kinase C Inhibitors Produce Mitochondrial Flavoprotein Oxidation in Cardiac Myocytes

Shinji Kohro, MD PhD^*, Quinn H. Hogan, MD^*,||, David C. Warltier, MD PhD^*,,,||, and Zeljko J. Bosnjak, PhD^*,

Departments of *Anesthesiology, Physiology, Pharmacology, and Medicine (Division of Cardiovascular Diseases), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; and ||Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Quinn H. Hogan, MD, Anesthesiology Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226. Address e-mail to qhogan{at}mcw.edu

Inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) antagonizes ischemic preconditioning of myocardium. Opening of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent potassium (mitoK_ATP) channels and subsequent oxidation of mitochondria are known to contribute to ischemic preconditioning. We therefore tested the effects of PKC inhibitors on flavoprotein oxidation, measured by flavoprotein fluorescence, as an index of mitoK_ATP activity in ventricular myocytes from guinea pigs. The PKC inhibitors chelerythrine (1 and 5 µM) and bisindolylmaleimide (100 and 400 nM) strongly increased flavoprotein oxidation in a dose-dependent manner. Specific inhibition of PKC- by rottlerin produced persistent flavoprotein oxidation. Inhibition of the production of inositol (1,4,5)-triphosphate by neomycin (0.5 mM) abolished chelerythrine- but not rottlerin-induced flavoprotein oxidation. Inhibition of PKC promotes flavoprotein oxidation via production of inositol (1,4,5)-triphosphate, possibly through the PKC- isoform. We speculate that although a certain degree of mitochondrial flavoprotein oxidation causes cardioprotective effects, excessive and/or persistent oxidation abolishes any beneficial actions. Instead of a simple mediator, PKC may act as a regulator of the mitoK_ATP channel to prevent excessive mitochondrial oxidation.

IMPLICATIONS: Inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) blocks ischemic and anesthetic preconditioning of the myocardium. We observed that PKC inhibition produces intense oxidation of mitochondria by a pathway involving inositol triphosphate. This may indicate that PKC modulates adenosine triphosphate-sensitive K channels to prevent injurious mitochondrial oxidation.

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Anesthesia & Analgesia® is published for the International Anesthesia Research Society® by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins with the assistance of Stanford University Libraries' HighWire Press®. Copyright 2006 by the International Anesthesia Research Society. Online ISSN: 1526-7598   Print ISSN: 0003-2999