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Postoperative Activity, but Not Preoperative Activity, of Antithrombin Is Associated with Major Adverse Cardiac Events After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery

Sean Garvin, MD^*, Jochen D. Muehlschlegel, MD^*, Tjörvi E. Perry, MD^*, Junliang Chen, PhD, Kuang-Yu Liu, PhD^*, Amanda A. Fox, MD^*, Charles D. Collard, MD, Sary F. Aranki, MD, Stanton K. Shernan, MD^*, and Simon C. Body, MB, ChB, MPH^*

From the *Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Talecris Biotherapeutics, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina; Baylor College of Medicine Division of Cardiovascular Anesthesia at the Texas Heart Institute, Saint Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Houston, Texas; and Division of Cardiac Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Simon C. Body, MB, ChB, MPH, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02115. Address e-mail to body{at}zeus.bwh.harvard.edu.

Abstract

Background: Low levels of antithrombin (AT) have been independently associated with prolonged intensive care unit stay and an increased incidence of neurologic and thromboembolic events after cardiac surgery. We hypothesized that perioperative AT activity is independently associated with postoperative major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery.

Methods: We prospectively studied 1403 patients undergoing primary CABG surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) (http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00281164). The primary clinical end point was occurrence of MACE, defined as a composite outcome of any one or more of the following: postoperative death, reoperation for coronary graft occlusion, myocardial infarction, stroke, pulmonary embolism, or cardiac arrest until first hospital discharge. Plasma AT activity was measured before surgery, after post-CPB protamine, and on postoperative days (PODs) 1–5. Multivariate logistic regression modeling was performed to estimate the independent effect of perioperative AT activity upon MACE.

Results: MACE occurred in 146 patients (10.4%), consisting of postoperative mortality (n = 12), myocardial infarction (n = 108), stroke (n = 17), pulmonary embolism (n = 8), cardiac arrest (n = 16), or a subsequent postoperative or catheter-based treatment for graft occlusion (n = 6). AT activity at baseline did not differ between patients with (0.91 ± 0.13 IU/mL; n = 146) and without (0.92 ± 0.13 IU/mL; n = 1257) (P = 0.18) MACE. AT activity in both groups was markedly reduced immediately after CPB and recovered to baseline values over the ensuing 5 PODs. Postoperative AT activity was significantly lower in patients with MACE than those without MACE. After adjustment for clinical predictors of MACE, AT activity on PODs 2 and 3 was associated with MACE.

Conclusions: Preoperative AT activity is not associated with MACE after CABG surgery. MACE is independently associated with postoperative AT activity but only at time points occurring predominantly after the MACE.