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Anesth Analg 2006;102:998-1006
© 2006 International Anesthesia Research Society
doi: 10.1213/01.ane.0000200285.20510.b6

CARDIOVASCULAR ANESTHESIA

Gelatin and Hydroxyethyl Starch, but Not Albumin, Impair Hemostasis After Cardiac Surgery

Tomi T. Niemi, MD, PhD, Raili T. Suojaranta-Ylinen, MD, PhD, Sinikka I. Kukkonen, MD, PhD, and Anne H. Kuitunen, MD, PhD

Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Meilahti Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

Address correspondence to Tomi T. Niemi, MD, PhD, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Meilahti Hospital, Helsinki, Finland, PO Box 340, FIN-00029 HUS, Finland. Address e-mail to tomi.niemi{at}hus.fi.


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
We investigated the effect of postoperative administration of colloids on hemostasis in 45 patients after cardiac surgery. Patients were randomized to receive 15 mL kg–1 of either 4% albumin, 4% succinylated gelatin, or 6% hydroxyethyl starch (molecular weight of 200 kDa/degree of substitution 0.5) as a short-term infusion. There was a comparable decrease in maximum clot firmness of thromboelastometry tracings in gelatin and hydroxyethyl starch groups immediately after completion of the infusion, whereas these values remained unchanged in the albumin group. The impairment in clot strength persisted up to 2 h, although the values partly recovered. Postoperative bleeding correlated inversely with the clot strength in pooled data of the artificial colloids. Fibrin formation (clot formation time, {alpha}-angle) and fibrinogen-dependent clot strength (maximum clot firmness and shear elastic modulus) were more disturbed in the hydroxyethyl starch group than in the gelatin group. We conclude that after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, both gelatin and hydroxyethyl starch impair clot strength and fibrin buildup, which may predispose patients to increased blood loss. The greatest impairment in hemostasis was seen after hydroxyethyl starch administration, whereas albumin appeared to have the least effect on hemostatic variables.


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Albumin (ALB), gelatin (GEL), and hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solutions are considered effective plasma expanders in patients undergoing cardiac surgery (1,2) although deleterious effects of some colloid solutions on hemostasis may increase the risk of postoperative bleeding (3). A coagulation disorder with increased blood loss has been demonstrated, particularly when high-molecular-weight HES with a high degree of substitution (DS) is given during cardiac surgery (4,5).

In previous studies, no adverse effects were reported after GEL infusion to cardiac surgical patients (2,4,6). After total hip or knee replacement, whole blood coagulation analysis indicated postoperative hypercoagulation (7), and the increase of factor VIII and von Willebrand factor concentration was not blunted by GEL (8). Conversely, 20 or 30 vol.% whole blood hemodilution with GEL in vitro decreased clot strength assessed by thromboelastometry, although the impairment was somewhat less than with low molecular weight HES (MW 120,000–200,000) (9,10). GEL also impaired platelet aggregation and final clot formation in healthy volunteers (11) and during cardiac surgery (12).

In clinical practice, colloids are often used immediately after cardiac surgery to maintain left ventricular preload (13) (i.e., during the period of increased risk for bleeding due to cardiopulmonary bypass [CPB] induced coagulation defects.) Because little is known about this immediate postoperative administration of colloids, we tested the hypothesis that the effect of GEL or HES is more than that of ALB on blood coagulation assessed by thromboelastometry after on-pump cardiac surgery.


   Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Methods
Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Forty-five patients scheduled for elective primary and single cardiac surgery were included in the study. The Institutional Ethical Committee approved the study protocol, and all patients gave written informed consent to participate in the study. Patients with preoperative coagulation disorders, renal or hepatic failure, or taking medication with coumarin anticoagulants, heparin, and/or acetylsalicylic acid within the previous 5 days were excluded.

Patients were premedicated with lorazepam, and the regular oral cardiovascular medications were given. For induction of anesthesia, the patients received fentanyl or sufentanil and propofol or etomidate. Pancuronium or rocuronium was used as muscle relaxant. Anesthesia was maintained with a continuous infusion of propofol and fentanyl or sufentanil until the end of surgery. Isoflurane supplementation was used to achieve a bispectral index level below 60.

During CPB, the nasopharyngeal temperature was 32°C–30°C. The extracorporeal circuit priming consisted of 2000 mL of Ringer’s solution and 100 mL of 15% mannitol. For CPB, the patients received heparin 300 IU/kg, and 5000 IU of heparin was added to the priming solution. The activated clotting time (ACT) was measured every 30 minutes and kept above 480 s during CPB. An additional dose of 5000 IU of heparin was given if required. During CPB, the hematocrit was kept above 20%. The dose of protamine was 1 mg/100 IU of the initial loading dose of heparin for the neutralization of the effect of heparin after CPB. Additional doses of 25 mg of protamine were given to achieve the prebypass ACT level. After CPB, blood from extracorporeal circuit was collected into nonanticoagulated bags and transfused. Tranexamic acid, {varepsilon} aminocaproic acid, aprotinin, ALB, GEL, or HES solutions were not given during operation.

Immediately after admission to cardiac surgical intensive care unit (ICU), the patients were allocated in random order (closed envelopes) to receive one of the following infusions:

  1. 4% ALB solution, 15 mL kg–1 (4% albumin SPR®; Finnish Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Helsinki, Finland) (ALB group, n = 15)
  2. 4% succinylated GEL solution, 15 mL kg–1 (Gelofusine®; 40 mg mL–1; B. Braun, Melsungen, Germany) (GEL group, n = 15)
  3. 6% HES solution, 15 mL kg–1 (HAESSteril®; 60 mg mL–1, average molecular weight 200 kDa, molar substitution ratio 0.5; Fresenius Kabi, Bad Homburg, Germany) (HES group, n = 15).

The infusion rate was clinically adjusted to optimize cardiac filling pressures and was based on serial hemodynamic measurements. Hemodynamic measurements were recorded using radial and pulmonary artery catheters. Cardiac index was measured by thermodilution technique in triplicate. Mean arterial blood pressure was maintained above 70 mm Hg, pulmonary artery occlusion pressure at 10–14 mm Hg (based on the echocardiographic measurements at the end of surgery), and cardiac index at >2.0 L min–1 m–2. Norepinephrine or epinephrine infusion was started when needed. In the ICU, hemoglobin was maintained at or more than 8.0 g dL–1 with red blood cell concentrates (RBC). After completion of the study infusion acetated Ringer’s solution was transfused when required. If postoperative blood loss exceeded 200 mL h–1, ACT, platelet count, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and prothrombin time (PT) were determined. If ACT was prolonged more than 10 s compared with the prebypass value, a supplemental dose of 25 mg of protamine was given. If the platelet count was less than 100 x 109 L–1, 1 unit/10 kg platelet concentrate was administered. If the APTT or PT was prolonged more than 1.2 times compared with preoperative values, 10 mL kg–1 fresh frozen plasma (FFP) was transfused. If bleeding continued, but none of the above-mentioned criteria were met, 1 g of tranexamic acid was given.

Blood samples for thromboelastometry were collected via a nonheparinized radial artery catheter into polypropylene tubes (Vacuette®; Greiner Bio-One, Kremsmueter, Austria) containing 3.2% buffered citrate before the administration of the study colloid (Pre), immediately after completion of the study infusion (Post), and 2 hours after completion of the study infusion (2 h). Hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit value, platelet count, ACT, lactate, and calcium ion concentration were also measured Pre, Post, 2 h, and on the first postoperative morning (1.POM).

Modified thromboelastometry coagulation analysis (ROTEM®; Pentapharm CO, Munich, Germany) using four activators [intrinsic ROTEM (InTEM®) = In; extrinsic ROTEM (ExTEM®) = Ex; fibrinogen ROTEM (FibTEM®) = Fib; native ROTEM (NaTEM®) = Na] was performed simultaneously by an investigator (TN or AK) blinded to the study colloid (6,14). Tests, definitions, and normal values of variables of thromboelastometry (ROTEM®) are presented in Table 1 (15). In the FibTEM®, all platelet function has been removed by adding cytochalasin D, which destroys the cytoskeleton of the platelets in the blood sample. Thus, the formed clot measures the quality of fibrin polymerization. The coagulation was initiated with activators by using a semiautomated electronic pipette system according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Coagulation was allowed to proceed 60 min. Automatic ROTEM® variables were: coagulation time (CT, s), clot formation rate (CFR, s), {alpha}-angle ({alpha}, degree), and maximum clot firmness (MCF, mm). Furthermore, shear elastic modulus (G = 5000 x MCF [100 – MCF] – 1) was calculated. The effect of platelets on clot strength was assessed by the difference between ExTEM®- and FibTEM®-induced MCF: Platelet MCF = ExMCF – FibMCF (14).


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  		Table 1. Tests and normal values of parameters of thromboelastometry (ROTEM®)

 

The hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit value, and platelet count in whole blood were determined using Cell-Dyn 610 hematology analyzer (Sequila-Turner Corp., Mountain View, CA). ACT was measured by ACT II® device (Medtronics, Inc., Minneapolis, MN). Plasma levels of lactate and ionized calcium were analyzed by an ABL 700® device (Radiometer, Copenhagen, Denmark).

The cumulative chest tube drainage, urine output, and the amount of blood products and acetated Ringer’s solution transfused were recorded at the arrival to ICU, at the end of the study infusion, and 2 hours later as well as on the first POM.

The number of patients needed was based on an expected difference in MCF of the thromboelastometry tracing. Based on our previous study, 15 patients per group were considered necessary to detect statistical significance with an {alpha}- and ß-error of 0.05 and 0.2, respectively (5). In that study (5), data were considered to be normally distributed, and power analysis in the present study was performed by using arithmetic means with standard deviations (SD). The differences between and within the groups were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance on ranks because Normality and Equal variance tests were not passed in every case indicating skewed data. The Student-Newman-Keuls test was used for paired comparisons. The results are reported as medians and range unless otherwise indicated. The frequencies were tested by {chi}2-test or Fisher’s exact test as appropriate. Correlations between blood loss at 2 h or 1.POM and ROTEM® variables were modeled with analysis of simple linear regression and multiple backward stepwise linear regression. For these analyses, the values from all the study groups were pooled. All the statistical calculations were performed using the SigmaStat® for Windows (version 2.03; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Methods
 Results
Discussion
 References
 
Fifty-four patients gave their informed consent to participate in the study. Nine patients were excluded because of use of antifibrinolytic drugs during surgery, off pump technique, or postponed surgery.

Patients in the ALB, GEL, and HES groups were similar regarding demographic and preoperative data (Table 2). Patients’ routine preoperative laboratory screening tests were normal (data not shown) and preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction was >40%. Surgery-related data are presented in Table 2. Five patients in the ALB group, four in the GEL group, and three in the HES group received RBC concentrates intraoperatively. FFP or platelets were not needed intraoperatively. Urine output was similar among the study groups (data not shown).


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  		Table 2. Demographic and Operative Data

 

There were no significant differences in the administration times of the study infusions (Table 3). The dilutional effect on hemoglobin and platelet count is presented in Table 3. Despite the mild thrombocytopenia, the ROTEM® values indicating platelet function (platelet MCF = ExMCF- FibMCF) remained unaffected in all groups.


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  		Table 3. Data on Postoperative Hemodilution and Platelets

 

The coagulation time (ExCT) indicating initial fibrin formation was prolonged immediately after HES infusion but not after ALB or GEL (Table 4). Coagulation times obtained by InTEM® and NaTEM® were not different among the groups at any study point (data not shown). Fibrin buildup was most disturbed (prolonged InCFT, ExCFT, and decreased {alpha}-angle) immediately after completion of HES infusion (Table 4). At the same time, a somewhat milder but significant prolongation in InCFT and ExCFT and a decrease in {alpha}-angle were observed in the GEL group but not in the ALB group. InCFT was also longer and In {alpha}-angle more depressed at 2 h in the GEL and HES groups compared with the ALB group. Calcium induced CFT (NaCFT) and {alpha}-angle did not differ among the groups at any study point (data not shown).


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  		Table 4. Initial Fibrin Formation and Buildup

 

MCF (all activators of ROTEM®) was decreased immediately after the completion of GEL and HES infusions but remained unchanged after ALB (Fig. 1, A–D). Two hours after completion of the infusion, InMCF was still decreased in the GEL and HES groups (Fig. 1A). FibMCF and NaMCF were more dcreased in the HES group than in the GEL group immediately after the completion of the infusion (Fig. 1, C and D). A decrease in FibMCF and NaMCF was still seen at 2 h in the HES group. In the GEL group, they were partly recovered. Changes of shear elastic modulus (G) were parallel with MCF during the investigation (Table 5).


Figure 14
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  		Figure 1. Maximum clot firmness (ROTEM®: MCF). Whole blood coagulation was induced by InTEM® (A), ExTEM® (B), FibTEM® (C), and NaTEM® (D). ALB = albumin, GEL = gelatin, HES = hydroxyethyl starch. Samples were obtained before the administration of the test infusion (Pre), immediately after the completion of the infusion (Post), and 2 hours thereafter (2 h). Only between-group differences are indicated. Values are median (range).*P < 0.05 versus ALB, #P< 0.05 versus GEL (Student-Newman-Keuls Method).

 

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  		Table 5. Clot Strength (ROTEM®)

 

There were no reoperations as a result of bleeding or any other reason. Median (range) cumulative chest tube drainage during the study was: ALB Group, 840 mL (510-1850); GEL Group, 1070 mL (410-2100); HES Group, 1140 mL (580-1800); P = 0.28 among all groups.

The number of transfused RBC, FFP, or platelets were not different among the study groups. When the number of all blood products were pooled, a larger proportion of patients in the HES group than in the other groups received blood products (ALB Group, 33%; GEL Group, 20%; and HES Group, 67%; P = 0.027 among all groups). The number of patients who received additional protamine or tranexamic acid postoperatively was two, three, four and one, two, three in the ALB, GEL, and HES groups, respectively.

In the simple regression analysis, ROTEM®: In {alpha}-angle at sample Pre; ROTEM®: ExCFT and ExMCF at sample Post pooled from all groups were linearly associated with chest tube drainage at 2 h (r = 0.347, 0.321, and 0.294; P = 0.02, P = 0.03, and P = 0.05, respectively). Total chest tube drainage (1.POM) associated significantly only with ROTEM®: ExMCF at sample Post (r = 0.298; P = 0.046). When analyzing each group separately by simple regression analysis ROTEM®: ExMCF pooled from GEL and HES groups showed negative linear association with chest tube drainage at 2 h (r = 0.4; P = 0.027) and with total chest tube drainage (r = 0.392; P = 0.032) (Fig. 2, A and B). In the ALB group such an association was not observed (chest tube drainage at 2 h r = 0.177 and P = 0.528; total chest tube drainage r = 0.049 and P = 0.863).


Figure 24
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  		Figure 2. Linear regression between blood loss at 2 h (A) or on the first postoperative morning (1.POM) (B) and ExTEM® maximum clot firmness obtained immediately after the completion of the infusion. GEL = gelatin; HES = hydroxyethyl starch; MCF = maximum clot firmness.

 

In the backward multiple stepwise regression analysis (a total of 30 possible explanatory ROTEM® variables at sample Pre and Post pooled from three groups), the total chest tube drainage could be predicted from a linear combination of the ROTEM® variables indicating fibrin formation (InCT, ExCT, ExCFT, and NaMCF; P = 0.025, P = 0.018, P = 0.003, and P = 0.022, respectively) at sample Pre and clot strength (ExMCF and ExG; P = 0.005 and P = 0.049, respectively) at sample Post.


   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
References
 
Our results demonstrate that both GEL and HES solutions impair hemostasis when infused immediately after cardiac surgery. The effect of postoperative administration of colloids on whole blood coagulation has not been studied after cardiac surgery. In our study, succinylated GEL and HES 200/0.5, but not ALB, induced a hypocoagulable state, as indicated by prolonged CFT, decreased {alpha}-angle, MCF, and G in the thromboelastometry tracing (i.e., a less stable thrombus). The postoperative chest tube drainage was not statistically different among the three groups, but the linear correlation between the pooled values of thromboelastometry variables (at samples Pre and Post) and postoperative chest tube drainage support the idea that the increased bleeding tendency was due to a less stable thrombus formation.

Colloids are often used during and after surgery because of their ability to maintain intravascular fluid volume and regional tissue perfusion more efficiently than crystalloids (16). Extracorporeal circulation induces platelet dysfunction, reduces the amount of coagulation factors, and promotes fibrinolytic activity (17). The effects of colloid solutions administered soon after CPB on blood coagulation may therefore be of importance. The current study demonstrates that the choice of colloid solution may affect the postoperative hemostatic state.

Our results support the idea that the hemostatic effects of ALB seem to be limited to hemodilution, because thromboelastometry assessed coagulation was best preserved after ALB infusion. In addition, there were no signs of the experimentally demonstrated mild ALB-hemodilution related hypercoagulability in the present study (10,18). The statistically different hemoglobin concentration decrease between the ALB and GEL or HES groups immediately after completion of the infusions may be related to the different volume effects of the test solutions and may have affected our results (19,20). The somewhat larger chest tube drainage in both artificial colloid groups compared with the ALB group may also partly explain the difference. Hemoglobin concentration hardly affected thromboelastometry variables because the patterns of the groups were different at comparable levels of hemoglobin at 2 hours after completion of the infusion.

GEL reduced the quality of clot formation in the current study, which is in agreement with previous in vitro and in vivo findings (9–11,21). The mechanism of the GEL-induced hypocoagulable state seems to be comparable with that of HES as the patterns of thromboelastometry tracings are quite similar (21). It is possible that GEL molecules (MW 30,000) interfere with the function of coagulation factors through a coating effect, because CFT, {alpha}-angle, and MCF, by both intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways (ExTEM®, InTEM®), were impaired up to 2 hours in the GEL group. Fibrinogen-dependent MCF (FibTEM®) was also clearly depressed after GEL, indicating disturbance in the quality of fibrin polymerization. The previously suggested primarily platelet-mediated mechanism of GEL-induced impairment of hemostasis (22) is not supported by our trial, because MCF, after excluding the effect of fibrinogen, remained unchanged. Our results are also in contrast to in vitro studies with no change in thromboelastometry variables after GEL hemodilution and to some clinical studies in which GEL had no effect on hemostatic variables and did not increase blood loss after surgery (8,23,24). The discrepancy between these clinical trials and the present study may be due to our relatively rapid (median, 95–105 min) administration of colloids and the fact that after CPB, hemostatic mechanisms per se are disturbed for up to 2 h postoperatively, and the coagulation process is therefore vulnerable (17).

The administration of HES solution impairs hemostasis mainly by decreasing clot strength (5,10,21). In the current study, HES solution both slowed clot formation and decreased MCF. The mechanism of impaired hemostasis by HES molecules may therefore be due to compromise of coagulation factors, such as thrombin-fibrinogen and factor XIII-fibrin polymer interactions, rather than induced platelet dysfunction (25,26). HES solution in CPB priming has been postulated to affect platelet function. Boldt et al. (27) reported HES solutions to decrease adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation, but HES had no impact on platelet retention on glass beads, bleeding time, or platelet aggregation in our previous study (5). As expected, HES 200/0.5 induced somewhat more profound alterations in thromboelastometry tracing than GEL in the present study. The findings are in accordance with trials reporting a less negative influence of GEL on hemostasis compared with some HES preparations. These in vitro investigations studying mild to moderate whole blood dilution with HES (HES 450/0.7; HES 200/0.5; HES 130/0.4, or HES 120/0.7) or GEL, have shown significantly greater impairment in Sonoclot or thromboelastometryassessed coagulation in HES-diluted samples (9,10,28). Despite the compromised coagulation after GEL- or HES-dilution in in vitro studies, in cardiac surgical patients infusion of GEL or HES 130/0.4 seems to be equally safe (6). As MW and degree of substitution of a HES preparation increases and the administration occurs intra- and postoperatively, the total blood loss may be larger compared with GEL in patients undergoing cardiac surgery (2). However, if HES 200/0.5 is not given as a rapid bolus-like infusion, the negative effects on coagulation may be less harmful (4,29).

We could not show any statistically significant difference in postoperative chest tube drainage, which is in accordance with the study of van der Linden et al. (2). We did find a significant linear correlation between clot strength impairment and chest tube drainage. This suggests that the bleeding was due to GEL or HES reduction of stable thrombus formation. We could also predict chest tube drainage using our multiple regression model: A combination of thromboelastometry variables indicating impaired fibrin formation and clot strength before and after the administration of test solutions. This confirms the clinical efficacy of thromboelastometry in assessment of coagulation disorders after cardiac surgery (30).

In summary, we conclude that immediate administration of either GEL or HES 200/0.5 induces whole blood coagulation abnormalities in fibrin formation and clot strength after cardiac surgery with CPB. This impairment in hemostasis may predispose patients to increased bleeding tendency.

We are grateful to Edward Munsterhjelm, MD, for assistance in preparing the illustrations.


   Footnotes
 
Supported by funding from the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.

Accepted for publication December 1, 2005.

Abstract presented as a free paper at the 28th Congress of Scandinavian Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, 29 June–3 July 2005, Reykjavik, Iceland.

Reprints will not be available from the author.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 

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J. Ooi Su Min, A. R. M. Ramzisham, and M. D. Zamrin
Is 6% Hydroxyethyl Starch 130/0.4 Safe in Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery?
Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann, August 1, 2009; 17(4): 368 - 372.
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 Br J AnaesthHome page
J. Boldt, S. Suttner, C. Brosch, A. Lehmann, and A. Mengistu
Influence on coagulation of a potato-derived hydroxethylstarch (HES 130/0.42) and a maize-derived hydroxethylstarch (HES 130/0.4) in patients undergoing cardiac surgery
Br. J. Anaesth., February 1, 2009; 102(2): 191 - 197.
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 Br J AnaesthHome page
D. Viuff, B. Lauritzen, A. E. Pusateri, S. Andersen, R. Rojkjaer, and P. I. Johansson
Effect of haemodilution, acidosis, and hypothermia on the activity of recombinant factor VIIa (NovoSeven(R))
Br. J. Anaesth., September 1, 2008; 101(3): 324 - 331.
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 Anesth. Analg.Home page
O. A. Bamgbade, P. Dorje, and M. D. Caldwell
Hemostatic Impairment After Infusion of Hydroxyethyl Starch, Gelatin, and Albumin
Anesth. Analg., May 1, 2007; 104(5): 1295 - 1296.
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 Anesth. Analg.Home page
T. T. Niemi
Hemostatic Impairment After Infusion of Hydroxyethyl Starch, Gelatin, and Albumin
Anesth. Analg., May 1, 2007; 104(5): 1296 - 1296.
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Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins Anesthesia & Analgesia® is published for the International Anesthesia Research Society® by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins and Stanford University Libraries' HighWire Press®. Copyright 2006 by the International Anesthesia Research Society. Online ISSN: 1526-7598   Print ISSN: 0003-2999 HighWire Press