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Anesth Analg 2008; 106:1195-1200
© 2008 International Anesthesia Research Society
doi: 10.1213/01.ane.0000297291.01615.5c
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 Course Title: Ability of a Novel Algorithm for Automatic Estimation of Respiratory Variations in Arterial Pulse Pressure to Assess Fluid Responsiveness in the Operating Room
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TECHNOLOGY, COMPUTING, AND SIMULATION

The Ability of a Novel Algorithm for Automatic Estimation of the Respiratory Variations in Arterial Pulse Pressure to Monitor Fluid Responsiveness in the Operating Room

Maxime Cannesson, MD*, Juliette Slieker, MD*, Olivier Desebbe, MD*, Christian Bauer, MD*, Pascal Chiari, MD, PhD*, Roland Hénaine, MD{dagger}, and Jean-Jacques Lehot, MD*

From the Hospices Civils de Lyon, Departments of *Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, {dagger}Cardiac Surgery, Louis Pradel Hospital, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 university, Lyon, France.

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Maxime Cannesson, Service d’Anesthésie Réanimation, Hôpital Cardiologique Louis Pradel, 200 Avenue du Doyen Lépine, 69500 Bron, France. Address e-mail to maxime_cannesson{at}hotmail.com.


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 STUDY LIMITATIONS
 REFERENCES
 
BACKGROUND: Respiratory variations in arterial pulse pressure ({Delta}PPman) are accurate predictors of fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients. However, they cannot be continuously monitored. In our study, we assessed the clinical utility of a novel algorithm for automatic estimation of {Delta}PP ({Delta}PPauto).

METHODS: We studied 25 patients referred for coronary artery bypass grafting. {Delta}PPauto was continuously displayed using a method based on automatic detection algorithms, kernel smoothing, and rank-order filters. All patients were under general anesthesia, mechanical ventilation, and were also monitored with a pulmonary artery catheter. {Delta}PPman and {Delta}PPauto were recorded simultaneously at eight steps during surgery including before and after intravascular volume expansion (500 mL hetastarch). Responders to volume expansion were defined as patients whose cardiac index increased by more than 15% after volume expansion.

RESULTS: Agreement between {Delta}PPman and {Delta}PPauto over the 200 pairs of collected data was 0.7% ± 3.4% (mean bias ± sd). Seventeen patients were responders to volume expansion. A threshold {Delta}PPman value of 12% allowed discrimination of responders to volume expansion with a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 100%. A threshold {Delta}PPauto value of 10% allowed discrimination of responders to volume expansion with a sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 88%.

CONCLUSION: {Delta}PPauto is strongly correlated to {Delta}PPman is an accurate predictor of fluid responsiveness, and allows continuous monitoring of {Delta}PP. This novel algorithm has potential clinical applications.


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 STUDY LIMITATIONS
 REFERENCES
 
Goal-directed intraoperative fluid administration has been shown to be able to reduce length of hospital stay,1–4 critical care admissions,5 and mortality6 after major surgery in various settings. In most of these studies, the hemodynamic end points were cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), central venous pressure (CVP), and/or respiratory variations in left ventricular SV assessed using esophageal Doppler.

Static indicators such as CVP, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), or left ventricular end-diastolic area have been shown to be poor predictors of fluid responsiveness.7–14 Dynamic indicators have consistently been demonstrated to be better predictors of fluid responsiveness in patients during mechanical ventilation. During positive pressure ventilation, the inspiratory right ventricular SV decrease is proportional to the degree of hypovolemia and is transmitted to the left heart after two or three beats (pulmonary transit time).12,13 One of the main limitations of these indices is that, to the best of our knowledge, only pulse contour analysis (PCCO) allows for continuous monitoring of these respiratory variations. However, PCCO requires invasive and specific catheters.

Recently, a method based on automatic detection algorithms, kernel smoothing, and rank-order filters has been proposed for automated and continuous variations in arterial pulse pressure ({Delta}PP) calculation ({Delta}PPauto).15 However, this method has not been validated in the clinical setting.

The aim of our study was to test the relationship and agreement between manually calculated {Delta}PP ({Delta}PPman) and {Delta}PPauto, and to test the ability of {Delta}PPauto to predict fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients in the operating room.


   METHODS
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 METHODS
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 STUDY LIMITATIONS
 REFERENCES
 
The protocol was approved by the IRB for human subjects of our institution (Comité Consultatif de Protection des Personnes dans la Recherche Biomédicale Lyon B). All patients gave informed, written consent. We studied 25 consecutive patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Patients with cardiac arrhythmias and intracardiac shunt were excluded.

This group consisted of 15 males and10 females between 39- and 82-yr-old (mean age 65 ± 12 yr). Twenty patients received β-blockers preoperatively. Induction of anesthesia was performed with propofol (3–5 mg/kg) and sufentanil (0.5–1.0 µg/kg), and orotracheal intubation was facilitated with pancuronium (0.1–0.15 mg/kg). After induction of anesthesia, an 8-cm 5F catheter (Arrow International Inc., Reading, PA) was inserted in the left or right radial artery, a triple-lumen 16-cm 8.5F central venous catheter (Arrow International Inc., Reading, PA) and a pulmonary artery catheter (Swan-Ganz catheter, 7.5F; Baxter Edwards, Lifescience, LLC, Irvine, CA) were inserted via the right internal jugular vein. Pressure transducers (Medex Medical Ltd., Rossendale, Lancashire, UK) were leveled at the midaxillary line and fixed to the operation table to keep the transducer at the atrial level according to the study protocol. All transducers were zeroed to atmospheric pressure. Correct position of the pulmonary artery catheter in West’s zone 3 was assessed using the method of Teboul et al.16 CO was measured by thermodilution, using the average of five successive measurements obtained by injection of 10 mL of dextrose at room temperature randomly during the respiratory cycle. Cardiac index (CI) and SV index were calculated by dividing CO and SV, respectively, by the body surface area. Anesthesia was maintained with continuous infusions of propofol (5–8 mg • kg–1 • h–1) and sufentanil (0.7–1.0 µg • kg–1 • h–1) to keep bispectral index (Aspect 1000, Aspect Medical Systems Inc., Natick, MA) between 40 and 50. All patients’ lungs were ventilated in a volume-controlled mode with a tidal volume of 8–10 mL/kg of body weight at a frequency of 12–15 cycles/min. Positive end-expiratory pressure was set between 0 and 2 cm H2O according to the attending physician.

Data Recording and Analysis
Arterial pressure waveforms were recorded from a bedside monitor (Intellivue MP70, Philips Medical Systems, Suresnes, France) to a personal computer using data acquisition software (TrendfaceSolo 1.1, Ixellence GmbH, Wildau, Germany) and were analyzed by an observer who had no knowledge of {Delta}PPauto or any other hemodynamic data. All hemodynamic data were recorded after 3 min of hemodynamic stability.

Respiratory Variations in Pulse Pressure Analysis
PP was defined as the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure. Maximal (PPmax) and minimal (PPmin) values were determined over the same respiratory cycle. {Delta}PPman was then calculated as described by its authors7: {Delta}PPman = (PPmax – PPmin)/[(PPmax + PPmin)/2]. The measurements were repeated on three consecutive respiratory cycles and averaged for statistical analysis.

Automated Calculation of Respiratory {Delta}PP
The algorithm used in this study is commercially available and has been previously described by Aboy et al.15 PP variation (PPV) is displayed in real-time by Philips Intelivue MP70 monitors (Intellivue MP70, Philips Medical Systems, Suresnes, France) as a percentage reflecting {Delta}PP. Briefly, it allows for {Delta}PP determination from the arterial pressure waveform alone with no need for the airway pressure acquisition. This method, based on automatic detection algorithms, kernel smoothing, and rank-order filters, involves seven consecutive steps (beat minima detection, beat maxima detection, beat mean calculation, pulse amplitude pressure, envelope estimation, pulse amplitude pressure estimation, and PPV estimation).15 {Delta}PPauto was calculated and averaged over four cycles of eight seconds.

Other Hemodynamic Measurements
The following variables were recorded both before and after intravascular volume expansion: systolic arterial blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure, diastolic arterial blood pressure, heart rate, end-expiratory CVP, end-expiratory PCWP, stroke volume index, CI, and systemic vascular resistance index.

Experimental Protocol
All patients were studied immediately after induction of anesthesia and after a 5-min period of hemodynamic stability with no changes in anesthetic protocol and no intravascular volume expansion. Baseline hemodynamic measurements were obtained and then followed by an IV intravascular volume expansion consisting of 500 mL of hetastarch 6% given over 10 min. Hemodynamic measurements were performed within 3 min after intravascular volume expansion. Thereafter, {Delta}PPman and {Delta}PPauto were determined at the following six different times throughout the surgery: immediately after skin incision, immediately after sternotomy, immediately after pericardectomy, immediately after weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass, immediately after chest closure, and immediately before leaving the operating room. {Delta}PPauto was determined in real-time during the surgery and {Delta}PPman was determined post hoc based on recorded waveforms.

Statistical Analysis
All data are presented as mean ± sd. Changes in hemodynamic variables induced by intravascular volume expansion were assessed using a nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test or Wilcoxon’s ranked sum test when appropriate. Patients were divided into two groups according to the percent increase in CI after intravascular volume expansion. Responders were defined as patients demonstrating an increase in CI ≥15% after intravascular volume expansion7 and nonresponders as patients whose CI changed <15%. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated for CI, CVP, PCWP, {Delta}PPman, and {Delta}PPauto, varying the discriminating threshold of each parameters and area under the ROC curves, were calculated and compared17 (MedCalc 8.0.2.0, MedCalc Software, Mariakerke, Belgium). Considering previously published results,7 power analysis showed that 25 patients were necessary to detect differences of 0.15 between {Delta}PPman and {Delta}PPauto areas under the ROC curves (5% type I error rate, 80% power, two tailed test). Bland-Altman analysis was performed to assess agreement between {Delta}PPman and {Delta}PPauto.18 A P value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. All statistic analyses were performed using SPSS 13.0 for Windows, SPSS, Chicago, IL.


   RESULTS
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 METHODS
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 STUDY LIMITATIONS
 REFERENCES
 
Agreement (mean bias ± sd) between {Delta}PPman and {Delta}PPauto (Bland-Altman analysis) was 0.7% ± 3.4% (Fig. 1). In the first part of the study (before and after intravascular volume expansion), agreement between {Delta}PPman and {Delta}PPauto was –1.0% ± 4.4% over the 50 pairs of data. In the second part of the study, agreement was 1.3% ± 2.8% over the 150 pairs of data.


Figure 124
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  		Figure 1. Relationship and between {Delta}PPman and {Delta}PPauto, and Bland Altman analysis for the agreement between {Delta}PPman and {Delta}PPauto. {Delta}PPman: manually calculated respiratory variations in arterial pulse pressure, {Delta}PPauto: automated and continuous respiratory variations in arterial pulse pressure calculation.

 

Changes in Hemodynamic Variables After Intravascular Volume Expansion
Hemodynamic data at baseline and after intravascular volume expansion are shown in Table 1. As expected, on average, intravascular volume expansion induced a significant increase in CI (from 1.8 ± 0.6 to 2.2 ± 0.7 L • min–1 • m–2; P < 0.001), mean arterial pressure (from 61 ± 9 to 77 ± 11 mm Hg; P < 0.001), CVP (from 8 ± 6 to 16 ± 4 mm Hg; P < 0.001), and PCWP (from 13 ± 5 to 17 ± 5 mm Hg; P < 0.001). At the same time we observed significant decreases in both {Delta}PPman (from 14% ± 8% to 8% ± 5%; P < 0.01) and {Delta}PPauto (from 12% ± 6% to 8% ± 3%; P < 0.01). We observed no statistically significant difference between percent change in {Delta}PPman and {Delta}PPauto after intravascular volume expansion (13% ± 139% vs 19% ± 63% respectively; P = 0.85).


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  		Table 1. Hemodynamic Data at Baseline and After Intravascular Volume Expansion

 

{Delta}PPman to Predict Fluid Responsiveness
Seventeen (68%) patients were responders and eight patients were nonresponders to intravascular volume expansion. Their hemodynamic data are shown in Table 2. {Delta}PPman and {Delta}PPauto were significantly higher in responders than in nonresponders (18% ± 7% vs 6% ± 3% and 15% ± 6% vs 6% ± 2%, respectively; P < 0.01 for both), and CVP was significantly lower in responders than in nonresponders (5 ± 5 vs 10 ± 6 mm Hg; P < 0.01). Neither difference in PCWP (13 ± 3 mm Hg in responders vs 11 ± 7 mm Hg in nonresponders; P = 0.43) nor difference in CI (1.81 ± 0.59 mL • min–1 • m–2 in responders vs 1.67 ± 0.53 mL • min–1 • m–2 in nonresponders; P = 0.60) reached statistical significance between these two groups. The areas under the ROC curves (±se) were as follows: 0.923 ± 0.060 for {Delta}PPman, 0.919 ± 0.058 for {Delta}PPauto, 0.750 ± 0.106 for CVP, 0.651 ± 0.135 for PCWP, and 0.563 ± 0.121 for CI (Fig. 2). The areas for {Delta}PPauto and {Delta}PPman were significantly higher than the areas for CVP, PCWP, and CI (P < 0.05 for both). The difference in area under the curve between {Delta}PPauto and {Delta}PPman did not reach significance (P = 0.86). Setting a threshold {Delta}PPman value of 12% discriminated between responders and nonresponders with a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 100%. The threshold {Delta}PPauto value of 10% discriminated between responders and nonresponders with a sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 88%. Interestingly, we found that the threshold CVP value of 3.5 mm Hg allowed discrimination between responders and nonresponders with a sensitivity of 77% and a specificity of 63%.


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  		Table 2. Hemodynamic Data at Baseline in Responders and Nonresponders to Intravascular Volume Expansion

 

Figure 224
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  		Figure 2. Receiver operating characteristic curves comparing the ability of {Delta}PPman, {Delta}PPauto, CVP, PCWP, and CI at baseline to discriminate between responders and nonresponders to volume expansion. {Delta}PPman: manually calculated respiratory variations in arterial pulse pressure, {Delta}PPauto: automated and continuous respiratory variations in arterial pulse pressure calculation, CVP: central venous pressure; PCWP: pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, CI: cardiac index.

 

{Delta}PPman to Quantify Response to Intravascular Volume Expansion
There was a statistically significant positive linear correlation between {Delta}PPauto at baseline and percent changes in CI induced by intravascular volume expansion ({delta}CI) (r = 0.43; P < 0.05) as well as between {Delta}PPman and {delta}CI induced (r = 0.44; P < 0.05) indicating that the higher {Delta}PPman and {Delta}PPauto at baseline, the higher {delta}CI. We observed no statistically significant relationship between CVP at baseline and {delta}CI (r = –0.39; P = 0.06) and between PCWP at baseline and {delta}CI (r = –0.05; P = 0.84).


   DISCUSSION
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
STUDY LIMITATIONS
 REFERENCES
 
The results of this study show that {Delta}PPauto can be displayed continuously and can predict fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients in the operating room. This index allows for {Delta}PP monitoring from the arterial pressure waveform alone and has potential for goal-directed intraoperative fluid administration in the operating room.

Fluid responsiveness has been studied extensively in the operating room and in the intensive care unit.7–10,12,13,19–22 Numerous dynamic indices have been described as accurate predictors of fluid responsiveness in these settings: respiratory variations in invasive arterial PP7 or Finapress® arterial PP,22 inferior vena cava diameter,19 aortic pulsed wave Doppler,8 left ventricular stroke area,23 SV derived from PCCO,24 pulse oxymeter plethysmographic waveform amplitude,25 and esophageal Doppler.26,27 It is now well accepted that dynamic indicators, relying on the cardiopulmonary interactions in patients under mechanical ventilation, are better predictors of fluid responsiveness than static indicators such as CVP, PCWP, and left ventricular end-diastolic area.12 However, only SV derived from PCCO allows for a continuous monitoring of these indices. The main limitations of this technology are that it is invasive, not widely available, it requires calibration, insertion of a central venous catheter and specific arterial catheter.

In 2004, Aboy et al. described a novel algorithm to estimate the PPV index ({Delta}PP).15 This algorithm allows {Delta}PP determination from the arterial pressure waveform alone with no need for the airway pressure acquisition. This method based on automatic detection algorithms, kernel smoothing, and rank-order filters involves seven consecutive steps (beat minima detection, beat maxima detection, beat mean calculation, pulse amplitude pressure, envelope estimation, pulse amplitude pressure estimation, and PPV estimation).15 In their study, Aboy et al. found that {Delta}PPauto was not dependent on respiratory phase shift, was robust to beat misdetection, and was a good estimate of the true {Delta}PP. However, this algorithm had never been tested in the clinical setting for the assessment of fluid responsiveness.

Our results support the ability of this automated {Delta}PP determination to be able to predict fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients under general anesthesia. Moreover, we found that dynamic indicators of fluid responsiveness are better predictors than static indicators. Interestingly, we found that CVP was lower in responders than in nonresponders and that it had a weak but statistically significant predictive value. However, CVP area under the curve was significantly lower than those for {Delta}PPman and {Delta}PPauto and cannot be recommended for fluid responsiveness prediction. Consequently, these results are consistent with previously published data.

Agreement between both methods was relatively weak in our study. However, {Delta}PPauto and {Delta}PPman are not expected to be exactly the same. Indeed, {Delta}PPman is by definition the arterial PPV over a single mechanical breath,7 whereas {Delta}PPauto is by definition the arterial PPV over a much longer period.

The respiratory variations in the arterial blood pressure have been shown to be accurate predictors of fluid responsiveness.9 However, the software we used in this study does not allow monitoring of this index. Moreover, several studies have now shown that this index was less reliable than {Delta}PP for fluid responsiveness prediction.7

To show that {Delta}PP can be calculated continuously and monitored in the operating room may have clinical impact. Strategies to optimize fluid management during surgery have been developed over the past 10 yr and have been shown to be able to improve length of hospital stay,1–4 critical care admissions,5 and mortality6 after major surgery. However, most of these studies focused on esophageal Doppler-derived indices and/or invasive static indicators (such as CVP). The main limitations of these techniques are that they are either operator dependent and not widely available (esophageal Doppler) or a poor predictor of fluid responsiveness (CVP). Indices relying on the cardiopulmonary interactions in patients under mechanical ventilations have consistently been shown to be the best predictors of fluid responsiveness.9,10,12,13,22,24 {Delta}PP is still considered the best predictor of fluid responsiveness in this setting. However, it was not possible to conveniently monitor this index in the operating room or in the intensive care unit. Thus, {Delta}PPauto has potential clinical application for fluid management optimization in the operating room. Further studies are required to determine whether {Delta}PPauto is reliable for all patients and, more importantly, whether decisions based upon this variable ultimately influence outcome.


   STUDY LIMITATIONS
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 STUDY LIMITATIONS
REFERENCES
 
As other indices relying on the respiratory variations of left ventricular SV or its surrogate, {Delta}PPauto cannot be calculated in patients with cardiac arrhythmia. Also, interpretation of {Delta}PPauto in patients with right and/or left ventricular failure must be done with caution. We chose to measure {Delta}PP during closed and opened chest conditions. The cardiopulmonary interactions may be impacted by this change in intrathoracic pressure. However, Reuter et al. have shown that dynamic indicators can be used during open chest conditions.28 Consequently, we feel that it is important to report data recorded in this setting.

The threshold value of 10% for prediction of fluid responsiveness has to be interpreted with caution. As for {Delta}PPman and for any other indices of fluid responsiveness, the threshold value may vary among studies and settings. To quote Solus-Biguenet et al.,22 "{Delta}PP values ranging from 8% to 13% may constitute an inconclusive or ‘gray zone’29; where its predictive value is uncertain." Another major point is that {Delta}PPauto value has to be considered after at least a 1-min period of hemodynamic stability. Because this algorithm relies on a mean PPV estimation, it is very important to observe a steady hemodynamic state before accepting the {Delta}PPauto value.

Finally, {Delta}PPauto can only be performed in mechanically ventilated patients although most patients who require careful fluid management during anesthesia will likely be mechanically ventilated.


   Footnotes
 
Accepted for publication September 12, 2007.


   REFERENCES
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 STUDY LIMITATIONS
 REFERENCES
 

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Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins Anesthesia & Analgesia® is published for the International Anesthesia Research Society® by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins with the assistance of Stanford University Libraries' HighWire Press®. Copyright 2006 by the International Anesthesia Research Society. Online ISSN: 1526-7598   Print ISSN: 0003-2999 HighWire Press