| JOURNAL HOME | CME HOME | THIS MONTH | PAST ISSUES | ETOC | COLLECTIONS |
| AUTHORS | REVIEWERS | EDITORIAL BOARD | FEEDBACK | RSS | HELP |
 
|
|
|
||
|
|
© 2001 International Anesthesia Research Society
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
We performed a double-blinded, prospective, randomized controlled trial to compare intubating conditions facilitated by succinylcholine or sevoflurane. One hundred twenty patients were randomized to receive either succinylcholine or sevoflurane for tracheal intubation. For the Succinylcholine group, patients were induced with thiopental 5 mg · kg-1 and tracheally intubated after administration of succinylcholine 1.5 mg · kg-1 IV. Patients receiving sevoflurane took three vital capacity breaths of 8% sevoflurane and 66% N2O in O2. At the loss of eyelash reflex, ventilation was assisted to establish end-tidal CO2 between 25–30 mm Hg, and intubation was performed when end-tidal sevoflurane was approximately 6%. Criteria of jaw relaxation, vocal cords position, and intubating response were used to assess intubation condition. If the intubation score was
6 of 12, it was described as acceptable, otherwise it was described as an unacceptable intubation condition. Tracheal intubation was successful in all patients. Intubator and observer blinded as to patient group judged that four patients (6.7%) in the Sevoflurane group and only one patient (1.7%) in the Succinylcholine group had an unacceptable intubation condition. However, there was no significant difference between groups (P > 0.05). Therefore, the three vital capacity breaths inhalation technique with sevoflurane may be an alternative for endotracheal intubation in adults.
Implications: The three vital capacity inhaled anesthetic techniques with 8% sevoflurane and 66% N2O in O2 to receive 6% end-tidal sevoflurane may be an alternative for endotracheal intubation in adults who are at high risk from succinylcholine.
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Succinylcholine is commonly used to facilitate rapid tracheal intubation. However, it is associated with side effects (1) and may be contraindicated in some patients. Nondepolarizing muscle relaxants with a rapid onset of action are an alternative to succinylcholine, but these drugs may also be associated with undesirable effects such as prolonged neuromuscular blockade, or an inability to rapidly reverse the paralysis if airway management via mask or tracheal intubation is not possible. For these reasons, a method of providing adequate intubating conditions without using muscle relaxants has been sought (2). In adults, an inhaled induction of anesthesia with a volatile anesthetic such as sevoflurane is one possibility (3–5). The induction of anesthesia with three vital capacity breaths of sevoflurane in young, nonpremedicated adults approaches the speed of IV induction of anesthesia (4–9). An anesthetic adjuvant significantly decreased the time to acceptable tracheal intubating conditions with anesthetic induction via face mask with sevoflurane (5, 10–13). A small dose of sedatives and fentanyl were therefore given to all patients. However, no one has compared tracheal intubation induced by sevoflurane versus succinylcholine in healthy adults.
The aim of this study was to compare intubation conditions, hemodynamic responses, and adverse events in normal patients given either sevoflurane or a standard thiopental/succinylcholine induction of anesthesia sequence for tracheal intubation. Patient satisfaction was also compared.
|
Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
After approval by the Institutional Ethics Committee, written informed consent was obtained from 120 ASA physical status I-II patients aged between 20 and 60 yr who were scheduled to undergo elective noncardiothoracic surgery and required endotracheal intubation. Patients had no risk factors for an inhaled induction technique such as obesity (body mass index >30 kg · m-2), pregnancy, small bowel obstruction, history of esophageal reflux, or hiatal hernia. The study excluded patients with difficult airway problems and those with hyperkalemia, suspected malignant hyperthermia, and cardiac, pulmonary, or renal diseases. Using Mallampati classification, each patient’s airway was evaluated. Also, thyromental distance and interincisor gap were measured.
The study was conducted in a randomized double-blinded controlled trial. Second and third year anesthetic residents blindly participated as the intubators and the nurse anesthetists blindly participated as the observers. Both intubator and observer wore two face masks, with the outer one sprayed with perfume to mask the odor of sevoflurane and were not in the operating room during the induction to avoid witnessing the fasciculations from succinylcholine and unaware of the induction sequence or technique. An opaque curtain hid the sevoflurane vaporizer. Patients were randomly allocated to receive either thiopental/succinylcholine or sevoflurane. A three vital capacity technique (taking a forced exhalation to residual volume followed by three maximum breaths) and the procedures were explained to the patients during the preoperative visit. Patients fasted for at least 6 h before anesthetic induction. All patients were given diazepam 5 or 10 mg orally 1–2 h before induction.
Once venous access was established, all patients received lactated Ringer’s solution at the amount of 5 mL · kg-1 within 10 min. The usual monitoring was used including inspired sevoflurane and end-tidal gas analysis. Patients received fentanyl 1.5 µg · kg-1 IV and breathed with 100% oxygen and fresh gas flow (FGF) 6 L/min via a face mask connected to a circle breathing circuit for 3 min before induction of anesthesia.
For the Succinylcholine group, patients were induced with thiopental 5 mg · kg-1 IV and asked to take three vital capacity breaths (4 L/min nitrous oxide [N2O] and 2 L/min O2), as previously instructed. At the loss of eyelash reflex, succinylcholine 1.5 mg · kg-1 was injected IV, and an oral airway was inserted. The FGF was decreased from 6 to 3 L/min (2 L/min N2O and 1 L/min O2), and ventilation was assisted to establish ETCO2 levels between 25–30 mm Hg. At 60 s after receiving succinylcholine, the intubator and the observer were called to enter the operating room. The intubator performed a direct laryngoscopy and visualized the vocal cords. Later, the observer visualized the vocal cords while the intubator applied the laryngoscope. Finally, the intubator inserted the tracheal tube. After that both intubator and observer observed the response to laryngoscopy and scored the intubation conditions independently.
For the Sevoflurane group, the circle-absorber breathing circuit was primed for 30 s with sevoflurane 8% in 66% N2O and 33% O2 mixture at 6 L/min FGF. The reservoir bag was then evacuated and allowed to refill. After a forced exhalation, patients took three vital capacity breaths via the face mask connected to the breathing circuit. At the loss of eyelash reflex, an oral airway was inserted, the FGF was decreased from 6 to 3 L/min, and ventilation was assisted to establish ETCO2 levels between 25–30 mm Hg. At 6% end-tidal sevoflurane (ET-sevoflurane), the sevoflurane vaporizer was turned off. The intubator and the observer were called to enter the operating room. The intubator performed a direct laryngoscopy and visualized the vocal cords. Later, the observer visualized the vocal cords while the intubator applied the laryngoscope. Finally, the intubator inserted the tracheal tube. Like the Succinylcholine group, the intubation condition was assessed independently.
Patients in both groups were intubated by direct laryngoscopy with a Macintosh 3 blade. Size 7.5 or 8.0 endotracheal tubes were used in female and male patients respectively. After successful intubation, ventilation was assisted to establish ETCO2 levels between 35–40 mm Hg until the patients resumed their spontaneous ventilation or 5 min passed. At that point, the patients received routine muscle relaxants and anesthetics.
Demographic data and hemodynamic and intubation conditions were recorded. Degree of jaw relaxation, vocal cord position, and intubating responses were used for assessment of intubating conditions ( Table 1). Jaw relaxation was described as fully relaxed (score = 1), mildly resistant (score = 2), tight but open (score = 3), and impossible (score = 4). Vocal cord position was described as widely open (score = 1), midposition (score = 2), moving but open (score = 3), and closed (score = 4). Intubating responses were described as none (score = 1), diaphragmatic movement (score = 2), mild/moderate coughing (score = 3), and severe coughing (score = 4). Intubating conditions were graded as excellent (total score [TS] = 3), good (TS = 4–6), poor (TS = 7–9), or impossible (TS = 10–12). The total score of 6 or less was classified as an acceptable intubation condition otherwise as unacceptable condition. Heart rate (HR) and blood pressure were recorded before induction (baseline), at the time of premedication, immediately before intubation, and at 1, 3, and 5 min after intubation. Additionally, time to loss of eyelash reflex, time to tracheal intubation, and time to return of spontaneous ventilation were also recorded. Time to loss of eyelash reflex was defined as the time between induction of anesthesia (placement of mask over the patient’s face) and loss of eyelash reflex. Time to tracheal intubation was defined as the time between induction of anesthesia and successful intubation. Time to return of spontaneous ventilation was defined as the time between successful intubation and return of spontaneous ventilation. The occurrence of breath holding for longer than 15 s at any time during induction, inspiratory or expiratory stridor, laryngospasm, excessive salivation, cough, hiccough, or excitement were noted. During the postoperative visit, the investigator, who was blinded as to the technique, asked the patients to complete a questionnaire related to satisfaction with their anesthetic and any untoward symptoms.
|
Continuous variables were analyzed using independent sample t-tests. Discrete variables were analyzed using
2 test and Fisher’s exact test. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used for analysis of hemodynamic changes in each group. Kappa statistics were used to measure the agreement between intubators and observers. Also, interobserver reliability was tested. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. |
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
A total of 120 patients were studied. Each group consisted of 60 patients. There were no significant differences between groups in terms of gender, age, ASA physical status, weight, height, thyromental distance, interincisor gap, or Mallampati’s modified classification ( Table 2).
|
Tracheal intubation was successful in all patients. Jaw relaxation was similar in both groups (Table 1). There were significant differences between groups with respect to vocal cord position (P < 0.05) (Table 1). The position of the vocal cords was more often judged to be widely open in the Succinylcholine group (68.3%) compared with the Sevoflurane group (28.4%–43.4%). The vocal cords were likely to be midposition in the Sevoflurane group (48.3%–65%) compared with the Succinylcholine group (30%–31.7%). The vocal cords in two patients receiving sevoflurane were closed, but the trachea was successfully intubated at the first attempt. Concerning the intubating responses after successful intubation (Table 1), they were significantly less in the Succinylcholine group than in the Sevoflurane group (P < 0.001). Only 8.3% of patients who received succinylcholine had diaphragmatic movement, compared with 21.7%–48.3% of patients who received sevoflurane. Mild to moderate coughing was less frequent in the Succinylcholine group (3.3%–6.7%) compared with the sevoflurane group (11.7%–21.7%). One patient in the Sevoflurane group exhibited severe coughing.
Intubation scores differed significantly between the two groups (P < 0.05) ( Table 3). Approximately half the patients in the Succinylcholine group (45%–55%) had excellent intubating conditions as compared with 16.7% in the Sevoflurane group. Most patients in the Sevoflurane group (76.6%) had good intubating conditions as compared with 45%–53.3% in the Succinylcholine group. Nearly all the Succinylcholine group (98.3%–100%) and most patients in the Sevoflurane group (93.3%) had acceptable intubation conditions (Table 3). According to an intubator and observer’s opinion, four patients in the Sevoflurane group (6.7%) had unacceptable intubation conditions. One patient in the Succinylcholine group (1.7%) had an unacceptable intubation condition. However, there were no statistically significant differences between groups (for the intubator’s opinion, P = 0.119 and the observer’s opinion, P = 0.364). Using Kappa statistics to measure the agreement between intubators and observers, there was moderate strength of agreement between them (K = 0.464). Also, interobserver reliability was tested. As a result, interclass correlation coefficient (0.8562) and intraclass correlation coefficient (0.7486) indicated that the opinions of intubators and observers were reliable.
|
Details of the times to the various end points are shown in Figure 1. The report indicates that the majority of patients can be successfully intubated with sevoflurane provided one is willing to wait the extra 4 min to reach 6% end-tidal sevoflurane (P = 0.000). The mean time from induction of anesthesia to loss of eyelash reflex was significantly shorter in the Succinylcholine group than the Sevoflurane group (P = 0.001). The mean time from intubation to return of spontaneous ventilation was significantly faster in the Sevoflurane group than the Succinylcholine group (P = 0.001). One patient in the Sevoflurane group and 11 patients in the Succinylcholine group had no return of spontaneous ventilation within 5 min after intubation.
|
The baseline and premedication values of HR and arterial blood pressure were similar in the two groups ( Fig. 2). Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) in the succinylcholine group were significantly increased than the sevoflurane group during intubation, and at 1 and 3 min after intubation (P < 0.001). HR in the Succinylcholine group was more rapid than the Sevoflurane group during intubation (P < 0.05).
|
In the Succinylcholine group, MAP (P < 0.001) and HR (P < 0.05) were significantly increased at 1 min after intubation, whereas in the sevoflurane group, MAP (P < 0.001) and HR (P < 0.05) were significantly decreased during intubation but increased at 1 min (P < 0.001), as compared with baseline level (Fig. 2).
During induction, no patient demonstrated adverse events such as breath holding, laryngospasm, cough, hiccough, excessive salivation, or excitement. No patient had oxygen desaturation (defined as O2 saturation < 95%) that necessitated any prompt correction during the study. Some patients had subjective symptoms during the postoperative period ( Table 4) but there were no statistically significant differences between groups (P > 0.05).
|
Patient satisfaction with induction was good in both groups (95% in the Succinylcholine group and 96.7% in the Sevoflurane group) (P = 0.843). Two patients in the Succinylcholine group were not satisfied with the technique because of nausea and vomiting. One patient in the Sevoflurane group was not satisfied with the technique because of the odor of sevoflurane. However, most patients in the Succinylcholine group (91.7%) and in the Sevoflurane group (93.3%) indicated that they would be willing to use the same anesthetic technique again (P = 0.729). The odor of sevoflurane was described as pleasant, unpleasant, and no smell by 38.3%, 18.3%, and 43.3% of patients in the Sevoflurane group as compared with 28.3%, 3.3%, and 68.3% of patients in the Succinylcholine group, respectively (P = 0.005). Patients receiving succinylcholine (31.6%) also reported an odor during induction. This may be the result of a residual odor from previous use of the anesthetic system or patient bias that inclined them to guess that they had received an inhaled induction irrespective of the technique used (14, 15).
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
The major findings of this study are that 6% of ET-sevoflurane in 66% nitrous oxide provided good (76.6%) or excellent (16.7%) conditions for tracheal intubation in healthy, premedicated patients with normal airway anatomy. Even though a wide opening of vocal cords and providing better intubating conditions are the advantages of succinylcholine compared with sevoflurane, sevoflurane may be useful whenever succinylcholine is absolutely contraindicated. For example, after major denervation injuries, spinal cord transection, peripheral denervation, stroke, and extensive burns patients should avoid succinylcholine because severe hyperkalemia after succinylcholine occasionally leads to cardiac arrest (6). Moreover, sevoflurane administered by face mask at a concentration of 8% was not associated with any adverse airway events. A frequent incidence of coughing and diaphragmatic movement after intubation in the Sevoflurane group may be explained by the fact that we needed adequate time for both intubator and observer to visualize the vocal cords before intubation. During that time, the patients did not receive sevoflurane and the reduction of sevoflurane concentration may have put them into the situation of "light anesthesia" (ET-sevoflurane approximately 3–5%).
The mean time to loss of eyelash reflex and tracheal intubation was longer in the patients receiving sevoflurane than in the patients receiving succinylcholine. These data suggest that succinylcholine should remain the drug of choice for rapid tracheal intubation. The mean time to return of spontaneous ventilation after tracheal intubation was less in the patients receiving sevoflurane than in the patients receiving succinylcholine, which may be an advantage in patients with an unexpected airway difficulty.
A potential limitation of the inhaled induction technique for tracheal intubation is hypotension associated with delivering a large concentration of sevoflurane (4). There were significant decreases in MAP (73.2 ± 18.9 mm Hg) during intubation. However, in all cases, good peripheral perfusion was thought to exist based on observation of skin color and pulse oximeter (4). Moreover, MAP after intubation was quickly restored to a level near baseline. This technique cannot be recommended for hypovolemic or debilitated patients, the elderly, or those with clinically significant cardiovascular disease. In the view of hemodynamic responses to intubation, the HR and blood pressure changes were more in the Succinylcholine group.
We used the primary outcome of our study, the acceptable intubation condition, to calculate the power of the study (1 - ß). We found that the power of this study = 0.9, which meant that our sample size was adequate.
In conclusion, endotracheal intubation during sevoflurane vital capacity rapid inhaled anesthetic technique has a high success rate and is comparable with succinylcholine but has less favorable intubation conditions. Therefore, inhalation with sevoflurane may be an alternative technique for endotracheal intubation in adult patients who are at high risk with succinylcholine.
|
Acknowledgments |
|---|
Supported by Mahidol University research fund.
We would like to thank Professor Tara Tritrakarn and Assistant Professor Ubolrat Santawat for their helpful comments; the anesthetic residents and nurse anesthetists for their appreciated contribution; Miss Saowalak Hunangkul, MSc. (Applied Statistics), for the statistical analysis.
|
Footnotes |
|---|
Sevoflurane was supported by Abbott Laboratories Limited.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
- Savarese JJ, Caldwell JE, Lien CA, Miller RD. Pharmacology of muscle relaxants and their antagonists. In: Miller RD, ed. Anesthesia. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000: 412–90.
-
Scheller MS, Zornow MH, Saidman LJ. Tracheal intubation without the use of muscle relaxants: a technique using propofol and varying doses of alfentanil. Anesth Analg 1992; 75: 788–93.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] -
Kimura T, Watanabe S, Asakura N, et al. Determination of end-tidal sevoflurane concentration for tracheal intubation and minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration in adults. Anesth Analg 1994; 79: 378–81.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Muzi M, Robinson BJ, Ebert TJ, O’Brien TJ. Induction of anesthesia and tracheal intubation with sevoflurane in adults. Anesthesiology 1996; 85: 536–43.[Web of Science][Medline]
- Muzi M, Colinco MD, Robinson BJ, Ebert TJ. The effects of premedication on inhaled induction of anesthesia with sevoflurane. Anesth Analg 1997; 85: 1143–8.[Abstract]
- Bevan DR, Donati F. Muscle relaxants. In: Barash PG, Cullen BF, Stoelting RK, eds. Clinical anesthesia. 3rd ed. New York: Lippincott-Raven, 1997: 385–412.
- Yurino M, Kimura H. A comparison of vital capacity breath and tidal breathing techniques for induction of anaesthesia with high sevoflurane concentrations in nitrous oxide and oxygen. Anaesthesia 1995; 50: 308–11.[Web of Science][Medline]
-
Yurino M, Kimura H. Induction of anesthesia with sevoflurane, nitrous oxide, and oxygen: a comparison of spontaneous ventilation and vital capacity rapid inhalation induction (VCR II) techniques. Anesth Analg 1993; 76: 598–601.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Hall JE, Stewart IM, Harmer M. Single-breath inhalation induction of sevoflurane anesthesia with and without nitrous oxide: a feasibility study in adults and comparison with an intravenous bolus of propofol. Anaesthesia 1997; 52: 410–5.[Web of Science][Medline]
- Katoh T, Ikeda K. The effects of fentanyl on sevoflurane requirements for loss of consciousness and skin incision. Anesthesiology 1998; 88: 18–24.[Web of Science][Medline]
-
Katoh T, Nakajima Y, Moriwaki G, et al. Sevoflurane requirements for tracheal intubation with and without fentanyl. Br J Anaesth 1999; 82: 561–5.
[Abstract/Free Full Text] - Yurino M, Kimura H. Comparison of induction time and characteristics between sevoflurane and sevoflurane/nitrous oxide. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1995; 39: 356–8.[Medline]
- Ben-Shlomo I, Abd-El-Khalim H, Ezry J, et al. Midazolam acts synergistically with fentanyl for induction of anesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1990; 64: 46–7.
- Vanacker BF. Sevoflurane mask induction in adults: comparison of two inhalation techniques. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 1997; 48: 147–53.[Medline]
-
Thwaites A, Edmends S, Smith I. Inhalation induction with sevoflurane: a double-blind comparison with propofol. Br J Anaesth 1997; 78: 356–61.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  M. Naguib, A. H. Samarkandi, M. E. El-Din, K. Abdullah, M. Khaled, and S. W. Alharby The Dose of Succinylcholine Required for Excellent Endotracheal Intubating Conditions Anesth. Analg., January 1, 2006; 102(1): 151 - 155. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Alpiger, H. S. Helbo-Hansen, W. Vach, and H. Ording Efficacy of A-lineTM AEP Monitor as a tool for predicting acceptable tracheal intubation conditions during sevoflurane anaesthesia Br. J. Anaesth., May 1, 2005; 94(5): 601 - 606. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. W. Woods and S. Allam Tracheal intubation without the use of neuromuscular blocking agents Br. J. Anaesth., February 1, 2005; 94(2): 150 - 158. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. El-Orbany and Y. Wafai Grading Intubation Conditions: How and by Whom? Anesth. Analg., September 1, 2001; 93(3): 804 - 804. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
