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Anesth Analg 2001;92:1064-1070
© 2001 International Anesthesia Research Society

GENERAL ARTICLES

Lactate is Correlated with the Indocyanine Green Elimination Rate in Liver Resection for Cirrhotic Patients

Ryo Orii, MD*, Yasuhiko Sugawara, MD{dagger}, Masakazu Hayashida, MD*, Kanji Uchida, MD*, Yoshitsugu Yamada, MD*, Tadatoshi Takayama, MD{dagger}, Masatoshi Makuuchi, MD{dagger}, and Kazuo Hanaoka, MD*

*Department of Anesthesiology and {dagger}Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Yasuhiko Sugawara, MD, Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 Patients and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
The role of lactate in liver ischemia-reperfusion injury in cirrhosis has not been clarified. Fifty patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent partial liver resection under Pringle’s maneuver were included in this study. We performed the indocyanine green clearance test before the operation and three times during the surgery to calculate its elimination rate. Blood lactate and base excess were measured at the corresponding times. Systolic and diastolic systemic arterial pressure, heart rate, cardiac index, and esophageal temperature were monitored. Aminotransferase levels were recorded the day before the operation, 1 h after the operation, and on the first and third postoperative days. We calculated the increase or decrease in lactate levels during the preischemic, ischemic, and postischemic phases, and examined the correlation between these results and the changes in indocyanine green elimination rate and some clinical factors. The lactate levels increased before reperfusion and began to decrease after reperfusion. The lactate increase and decrease during the ischemic and postischemic phases correlated with the change in indocyanine green elimination rate (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.02 for the respective phases). The lactate increase during the preischemic phase correlated with the duration of the preischemic phase (P < 0.0001). In cirrhotic patients who undergo liver resection with Pringle’s maneuver and who do not show postoperative liver failure, the blood lactate profile might be a reliable indicator of liver metabolic capacity during surgery.

Implications: In cirrhotic patients who underwent liver resection with Pringle’s maneuver, the lactate increase and decrease during the ischemic and postischemic phases correlated with the change in the indocyanine green elimination rate. The blood lactate profile might be a reliable indicator of liver metabolic capacity during surgery.


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Patients and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Lactate is produced at a rate of 1,300 mmol per day in a resting adult under steady-state conditions. Forty to 60% of the lactate is removed by the liver by glucogenesis, and to a lesser extent by oxidation to CO2 and H2O. Other sites of lactate uptake and metabolism include the muscles, kidneys, and heart (1). Hypoperfusion, hypoxia, and severe ischemic damage of the liver convert the liver from a lactate-consuming to a lactate-producing system (2). The conditions that induce this kind of hepatic damage are encountered during the preanhepatic and anhepatic phases of liver transplantation and during the ischemic phase of liver resection.

Liver transplantation is a unique model for studying the relationship between lactate metabolism and liver metabolic capacities. This has led some workers to propose that early postoperative changes in the blood lactate concentration could be used as an early indicator of graft viability and of the quality of the functional recovery of the graft in orthotopic liver transplantation (3–5). de Gasperi et al. (6) concluded that blood lactate profiles measured in the neohepatic phase indicated the speed of recovery of liver metabolic capacities immediately after orthotopic liver transplantation. A recent study (7) revealed that, in living-related liver transplantation, the preanhepatic, anhepatic and neohepatic phases each had a characteristic blood lactate profile. The lactate increase observed before reperfusion reflected depressed hepatic function during anesthesia and surgery. The graft size strongly affected lactate levels during the early neohepatic phase.

However, these suggestions rest basically on comparison of the blood lactate profile with indirect clinical indicators for liver function such as primary nonfunction of the graft and postoperative mortality and morbidity after orthotopic liver transplantation. No study has demonstrated correlation between the blood lactate profile and more direct indicator of liver function. In addition, usefulness of the blood lactate profile has not been demonstrated in liver surgery other than liver transplantation. We noticed that in patients who undergo partial resection of the liver, lactate tends to increase during the preischemic phase, increases markedly during the ischemic phase, and decreases during the postischemic phase. We hypothesized that lactate could reflect liver metabolic capacities during liver resection. To demonstrate the hypothesis, we examined the blood lactate concentration and indocyanine green elimination rate (ICG-K) (8–11), which is a reliable indicator of metabolic liver capacities as well as hepatic blood flow (12,13) in patients who underwent liver resection.


   Patients and Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Patients and Methods
Results
 Discussion
 References
 
The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of our local authority and informed consent was obtained from each patient.

Patients
From December 1997 to October 1999, 172 patients underwent liver resection at the Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Division, Department of Surgery, Tokyo University Hospital. Fifty of these patients (37 males and 13 females aged 35 to 80 yr) were enrolled in this study. Each patient was classified in ASA physical status II. To lessen the heterogeneity of the patient population and to exclude patients with severe cirrhosis, the inclusion criteria were defined as follows:

  1. 1. Subjects were cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
  2. 2. The tumors were limited to one subsegment of the liver.
  3. 3. The preoperative ICG-K was over 0.06 min-1.
  4. 4. Either subsegmentectomy (14) or limited resection of the tumor was scheduled.
  5. 5. Pringle’s maneuver alone was performed to induce liver ischemia.

In our institute, Pringle’s maneuver is usually applied during liver resection to lessen blood loss. Briefly, a 15-min period of vascular clamping at the liver hilus was repeated at intervals of 5 min until liver resection was completed (15). Limited resection indicated nonanatomical resection of the tumor(s) with a sufficient surrounding nontumorous liver tissue margin. Subsegmentectomy indicated complete anatomical resection of the corresponding subsegment fed by the portal branches. Our method of identifying the subsegment in concern has been described in detail elsewhere (16). Patients were excluded if intraoperative ultrasound (16) revealed that the tumor extended beyond one segment or a procedure other than Pringle’s maneuver was applied to induce ischemia.

The preoperative laboratory data were as follows: total bilirubin 0.5–1.3 mg/dL (mean ± SE, 0.9 ± 0.1), albumin 3.0–4.2 mg/dL (3.6 ± 0.1), prothrombin time 10.8–13.0 s (11.8 ± 0.1), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 17–77 IU/L (50.6 ± 3.1), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 18–115 IU/L (48.8 ± 3.7).

Anesthesia was induced with midazolam (0.05–0.1 mg/kg), thiopental sodium (2–4 mg/kg), and fentanyl (2 µg/kg), and maintained with 0.8%-1.5% end-tidal isoflurane, 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen, and fentanyl (1–2 µg/kg/h). Muscle relaxation was maintained with pancuronium (0.08 mg · kg-1 · h-1). Mechanical ventilation was set at a respiratory frequency of 10–15/min and an inspiratory/expiratory duration ratio of 1:2. The respiratory tidal volume was reduced to approximately 60% just before starting liver resection to reduce the thoracic and right atrial pressure and, consequently, back-bleeding from the hepatic veins and their tributaries (17). The concentration of inspired oxygen was set to give a PaO2 of more than 120 mm Hg. The PaCO2 was maintained at 35–45 mm Hg. The following variables were monitored rou- tinely: invasive arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and electrocardiogram (5 leads and 2 channels: II and V5), pulse oximetry, end-tidal carbon dioxide tension, and esophageal temperature.

A crystalloid solution (sodium, 90 mmol/L; chloride 70 mmol/L; lactate 20 mmol/L) was given at a rate of 2–3 mL/kg/h. Fresh frozen plasma was transfused when necessary to maintain stable hemodynamics and to supply clotting factors. The blood glucose level was measured once per hour, and when it was over 16.6 mmol/L, regular insulin was administered IV.

The following variables were examined and recorded by one of the authors (M.H.) and the anesthesiologist in charge of anesthesia. The ICG (Diagnogreen®, Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co., Tokyo, Japan) test was performed before surgery as a baseline (T0). During surgery, it was performed three times: 1) just before the induction of liver ischemia by Pringle’s maneuver (T1); 2) just after reperfusion of the liver, i.e., the completion of liver resection (T2); and 3) 60 min after reperfusion (T3). The optical sensor of an ICG clearance meter (DDG-2001TM, Nihon Kohden Industry Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was applied to the right second finger. ICG-K is originally calculated as the slope of the regression line in the plasma ICG concentration (µg/mL) versus time (min) plot multiplied by -1. ICG clearance meter was determined by measuring light transmission through the finger at two wavelengths, 810 nm and 940 nm (8,18). During surgery, the cardiac index (CI) was also measured using the dye dilution method by calculating the area under the very initial phase of the ICG concentration curve with a computer.

A gastric tonometer (TonocapTM regional capnometry monitor, Tonometrics, Helsinki, Finland) was used in all patients. The gastric mucosal PCO2 was measured, and the PCO2 gap (tonometer PCO2 - arterial PCO2) was calculated.

Systolic systemic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic systemic arterial pressure (DAP), heart rate (HR), and esophageal temperature (ET) were also recorded at T0, T1, T2, and T3. The lactate concentration and base excess of arterial blood were measured with an analyzer (ABL 625; Radiometer, Copenhagen, Denmark) at the same times.

The observation period was divided into three phases; the preischemic phase (from T0 to T1), the ischemic phase (from T1 to T2), and the postischemic phase (from T2 to T3). The lactate increase in the preischemic phase ({Delta}Lacpre) was calculated by the difference between blood lactate levels at T1 and T0:

equation


The changes in lactate levels in the ischemic phase ({Delta}Lacisc) and postischemic phase ({Delta}Lacpost) were calculated as follows:

equation


equation


The changes in the ICG-K level ({Delta}ICG-K) and PCO2 ({Delta}PCO2) were calculated in a similar manner.

Blood AST and ALT levels were measured before surgery (D-1), one hour after surgery (D0) and on the first and third postoperative days (D1 and D3, respectively).

Statistical Analysis
The data are presented as range (mean) or mean ± SEM. The variables measured during and after anesthesia were compared with the corresponding preoperative levels using an analysis of variance with Bonferroni’s correction. The differences at P < 0.02 (CI) or P < 0.008 (except for CI) were considered to be significant in analysis of variance.

The relationship between {Delta}ICG-K and {Delta}Lac in each phase was examined by a simple regression analysis. The relationships between demographic or surgical characteristics and {Delta}Lac were examined by a multiple regression analysis in each phase and were considered to be significant at P < 0.05.


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Patients and Methods
 Results
Discussion
 References
 
Surgical Results
Overall, the duration of surgery ranged from 125–673 (384) min. The durations of the preischemic and ischemic phases were 40–420 (166) min and 28–115 (71) min, respectively. Blood loss was 115–1081 (512) mL or 2 -22 (10) mL/kg. The weight of the resected liver was 36–450 (114) g. The total volume of fresh frozen plasma was 0–1200 (610) mL or 0–26 (14) mL/kg. None of the patients received packed red cells or fresh whole blood transfusion. Complications after liver resection included bile leakage from a dissection plane of the liver in four patients and pleural effusion in five. No postoperative deaths were observed during the first 30 days after the operation.

Changes in Hemodynamics
SAP and DAP did not change significantly during the observation period. ( Fig. 1). HR did not change significantly from T0 through T2, but did change significantly at T3 compared to the T0 levels (P = 0.002). ET and CI remained stable throughout the observation period.



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  		Figure 1. Changes in systolic arterial pressure (SAP, bold line) and diastolic arterial pressure (DAP, thin line) (A), heart rate (HR) (B), and esophageal temperature (ET) (C) and cardiac index (CI) (D). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. * P < 0.02 (CI) or P < 0.008 (except for CI) compared with the average preoperative level; T0, before laparotomy; T1, just before the induction of liver ischemia; T2, just after liver resection; T3,60 min after reperfusion. Black boxes indicate the ischemic phase.

 
Changes in ICG-K
ICG-K did not change significantly at T1 compared to the baseline level at T0 ( Fig. 2). However, just after reperfusion, ICG-K decreased significantly at T2 versus baseline in the control group (P = 0.006). The ICG-K level at T3 did not differ from the baseline level.



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  		Figure 2. Changes in the indocyanine green elimination rate (ICG-K) (A), blood arterial lactate (Lac) (B), base excess (BE) (C), PCO2 gap (D), plasma aspartate (bold line, AST) and alanine aminotransferase (thin line ALT) (E). Data are expressed as means ± SEM. * P < 0.008 compared with the average preoperative level. T0, before laparotomy; T1, just before the induction of liver ischemia; T2, just after liver resection; T3, 60 min after reperfusion; D-1, the day before the operation; D0, one hour after the operation; D1, the first postoperative day; D3, the third postoperative day. Black boxes indicate the ischemic phase.

 
Changes in Lactate and Base Excess
The lactate level increased during the preischemic and ischemic phases and tended to decrease during the postischemic phase (Fig. 2). The lactate levels at T1, T2, and T3 were significantly increased from those at baseline (P = 0.004, P < 0.0001, and P < 0.0001 in each comparison).

Base excess continued to decline until T2 (Fig. 2). Base excess at T2 and T3 was significantly decreased from that at baseline (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.002, respectively).

Changes in the PCO2 Gap
The PCO2 gap increased during the preischemic and ischemic phases and tended to decrease during the postischemic phase (Fig. 2). The lactate level at T2 was significantly higher than that at baseline (P = 0.0009).

Changes in AST and ALT
AST levels were maximal (219 ± 20 IU/L) on the first postoperative day (Fig. 2). The changes in the average ALT level were similar to those of AST.

Relationships between Lactate and Clinical Factors
The relationship between {Delta}ICG-K and {Delta}Lac in each phase is summarized in Table 1 and Figure 3. {Delta}ICG-Kisc and {Delta}ICG-Kpost correlated well with {Delta}Lacisc and {Delta}Lacpost (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.02 for the respective phases). However, there was no significant correlation between {Delta}ICG-Kpre and {Delta}Lacpre.


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  		Table 1. Relationship Between the Change of Indocyanine Green Levels and Lactate Levels
 


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  		Figure 3. Relationship between the change of ICC-K levels ({Delta}ICG-K) and lactate levels ({Delta}Lac) in preischemic (A), ischemic (B), and postischemic (C) phases.

 
Simple regression analysis gave the following equations:

equation


equation


None of the clinical factors correlated with {Delta}Lacisc or {Delta}Lacpost. However, the duration of the preischemic phase correlated well with {Delta}Lacpre (P < 0.0001, Table 2).


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  		Table 2. Relationship Between the Change of Lactate Levels and Clinical Factors
 

   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Patients and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
References
 
In our study, blood lactate tended to change inversely to ICG-K throughout surgery. During the preischemic, ischemic, and postischemic phases, lactate increased, markedly increased, and tended to decrease, respectively. On the contrary, ICG-K tended to decrease, decreased significantly, and increased significantly in respective phase. The change in blood lactate levels during the ischemic and postischemic phases correlated well with the concomitant ICG-K change. These findings strongly suggested that blood lactate levels could reflect liver dysfunction after the induction of ischemia in liver resection for cirrhotic patients.

During the preischemic phase, however, the change in blood lactate levels did not correlate significantly with the concomitant ICG-K change. Lactate increased significantly whereas ICG-K tended to decrease but insignificantly. During this phase, hepatic blood flow should have been reduced by some hemodynamic instability. For example, it can be reduced as a result of dissection of the liver vasculature or compression of the liver parenchyma by surgical retractors (6,11). Anesthetics also might affect hepatic function unfavorably. Although isoflurane does not depress hepatic function as measured by the ICG test in patients with normal hepatic function (19), a dose-dependent decrease in hepatic blood flow induced by isoflurane might depress liver function significantly in cirrhotic patients and thus enhance lactate accumulation (20–22). Presumably because of this reduction in hepatic blood flow, lactate uptake by the liver was impaired, which in turn caused time-dependent increase in the lactate level even before the liver was subjected to ischemia. However, it seems difficult to explain an insignificant correlation between the change in blood lactate levels and the concomitant ICG-K change during this phase.

During the ischemic phase, lactate increased markedly and conversely ICG-K decreased significantly. Both of these changes might indicate a significant reduction in liver function in this phase. In this study, hepatic venous flow was not measured. This might make it unclear whether decreased lactate uptake because of the abolishment of hepatic blood flow during vascular occlusion or increased lactate production resulting from tissue ischemia primarily contributed to the lactate increase during this phase (8,9). The lactate increase was closely correlated with the ICG-K change, which indicated reduced hepatic blood flow. In contrast, there was no significant correlation between the lactate increase and the PCO2 gap, which is a quite sensitive indicator of tissue oxygenation in splanchnic organs (23,24). These results suggest that the lactate increase was mainly caused by reduced lactate uptake by the deteriorated liver. The role of tissue ischemia seemed to be limited.

The lactate level immediately after ischemia tended to decrease and this change correlated well with {Delta}ICG-Kpost. These changes indicated that hepatic blood flow as well as the capacity of the liver to uptake and metabolize lactate were recovering after ischemia. These results also indicated that several ten-minute periods of warm ischemia induced by Pringle’s maneuver did not cause irreversible damage to the liver with mildly cirrhotic change.

The effect of Pringle’s maneuver on the hemodynamic state remains to be clarified. In our study, systemic arterial pressure and the cardiac index remained stable throughout the observation period. In contrast, although heart rate did not change significantly until the completion of liver resection, it did change significantly after reperfusion. Delva et al. (25) showed that Pringle’s maneuver caused the following significant hemodynamic changes: mean arterial pressure increases by 40% and the cardiac index decreases by 10%.

Base excess continued to decline until the completion of liver resection, and then increased after reperfusion in our study. The pattern of the changes in base excess was in contrast to that of lactate. Fresh-frozen plasma is converted to bicarbonate, which will neutralize the H+ that accompanies lactate acidosis. Therefore, the level of base excess might be affected by lactate acidosis or the infusion of fresh-frozen plasma (26). However, the exact relation may be difficult to explain.

In conclusion, in liver resection in cirrhotic patients, lactate continued to increase before reperfusion and began to decrease after reperfusion. The change in lactate levels correlated well with that of ICG-K after the induction of ischemia.


   Acknowledgments
 
Supported, in part, by a Grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Patients and Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 

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Accepted for publication November 15, 2000.





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Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins Anesthesia & Analgesia® is published for the International Anesthesia Research Society® by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins and Stanford University Libraries' HighWire Press®. Copyright 2001 by the International Anesthesia Research Society. Online ISSN: 1526-7598   Print ISSN: 0003-2999 HighWire Press