JOURNAL HOME CME HOME THIS MONTH PAST ISSUES ETOC COLLECTIONS
AUTHORS REVIEWERS EDITORIAL BOARD FEEDBACK RSS HELP
A&A International Anesthesia Research Society
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a colleague
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in Web of Science
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Web of Science (36)
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Wrigge, H.
Right arrow Articles by Putensen, C.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Wrigge, H.
Right arrow Articles by Putensen, C.
Related Collections
Right arrow Critical Care
Right arrow Trauma
Right arrow Monitoring (Non-cardiac)

Anesth Analg 2004;98:775-781
© 2004 International Anesthesia Research Society
doi: 10.1213/01.ANE.0000100663.11852.BF

CRITICAL CARE AND TRAUMA

The Effects of Different Ventilatory Settings on Pulmonary and Systemic Inflammatory Responses During Major Surgery

Hermann Wrigge, MD*, Ulrike Uhlig, MSc PhD{dagger}, Jörg Zinserling, MSc*, Elisabeth Behrends-Callsen*, Gunther Ottersbach*, Matthias Fischer, MD PhD*, Stefan Uhlig, MSc PhD{dagger}, and Christian Putensen, MD PhD*

*Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn; and {dagger}Division of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Research Center, Borstel, Germany

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Hermann Wrigge, MD, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany. Address e-mail to hermann.wrigge{at}ukb.uni-bonn.de


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Mechanical ventilation with high tidal volumes (VT) and zero or low positive end-expiratory pressure increased mediator release to inflammatory stimuli or acute lung injury. We studied whether mechanical ventilation modifies the inflammatory responses during major thoracic or abdominal surgery. Sixty-four patients undergoing elective thoracotomy (n = 34) or laparotomy (n = 30) were randomized to receive either mechanical ventilation with VT = 12 or 15 mL/kg ideal body weight, respectively, and zero end-expiratory pressure, or VT = 6 mL/kg ideal body weight with positive end-expiratory pressure of 10 cm H2O. In 62 patients who completed the study, arterial oxygena- tion was not different between groups. Tumor necrosis factor, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-12 were determined by cytometric bead array in plasma after 0, 1, 2, and 3 h and in tracheal aspirates after 3 h of mechanical ventilation. Data were log-transformed and analyzed using parametric or nonparametric tests, as indicated. All plasma mediators increased more during abdominal than during thoracic surgery, although the differences were small. However, neither time course nor concentrations of pulmonary or systemic mediators differed between the two ventilatory settings. Our data suggest that the ventilatory settings we studied do not affect inflammatory reactions during major surgery within 3 h.

IMPLICATIONS: In 62 patients undergoing elective major thoracic or abdominal surgery, mechanical ventilation with low tidal volumes and positive end-expiratory pressure or high tidal volumes and zero end-expiratory pressure did not result in different pulmonary or systemic levels of measured inflammatory markers.


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Major abdominal and thoracic surgery alters immune functions in the perioperative course of elective surgery (1–4). Previous studies have suggested that the amount of mediator release depends on the degree of surgical trauma (1,4). In addition, patients who developed pulmonary infections after esophagectomy already had higher serum levels of inflammatory markers intraoperatively (1).

Clinical studies suggest that mechanical ventilation can modify inflammatory responses in patients with acute lung injury (5). In such patients, with existing pulmonary and systemic inflammation, ventilation with tidal volumes (VT) of 10–15 mL/kg ideal body weight and low-to-moderate levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was associated with increased intraalveolar and systemic levels of inflammatory mediators (5–7). In contrast, mechanical ventilation with moderate-to-high levels of PEEP and low VT of approximately 6 mL/kg ideal body weight assured adequate gas exchange, decreased intraalveolar and systemic mediator levels, and improved outcome (5–8). Experimental data suggest that mechanical ventilation with higher VT and zero end-expiratory pressure (ZEEP) induces not only cytokine release (9–11) but also translocation of cytokines from the lungs to the systemic circulation and even vice versa (12). In addition, inflammatory responses to mechanical stress caused by mechanical ventilation were aggravated by inflammatory co-stimulation (9).

In contrast to patients with acute lung injury having a continuing systemic inflammatory reaction, short-term mechanical ventilation alone of adult patients with healthy lungs did not induce a systemic inflammatory response (13). However, it is not known whether mechanical ventilation will aggravate production and/or translocation of cytokines released by an inflammatory co-stimulus such as major surgery. Therefore, we studied pulmonary and systemic mediator levels depending on ventilatory settings in patients undergoing major thoracic or abdominal surgery as a clinical model of ventilator-associated lung injury.


   Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Methods
Results
 Discussion
 References
 
Approval of the Bonn University Ethics Committee for the study protocol was obtained and all patients gave written informed consent before inclusion in the study.

Sixty-four adult patients scheduled for major elective thoracic (n = 34) or abdominal (n = 30) surgery under general anesthesia were eligible to participate in the study. Patients with immunosuppression by drugs or patient’s preoperative underlying condition and those with an increased white blood cell count or clinical signs of a systemic or pulmonary infection before surgery were not included in the study.

All patients received a standard premedication with midazolam. Anesthesia was performed using propofol, remifentanil, and cisatracurium. Patients who underwent thoracotomy were tracheally intubated with a double-lumen tube (Mallinckrodt, Athlone, Ireland) to allow single-lung ventilation. Mechanical ventilation was provided with an anesthesia ventilator connected to a circle system (Julian®; Dräger, Lübeck, Germany) using a fraction of inspired oxygen of 0.30 and 1.0 during single-lung ventilation. Routine perioperative monitoring included measurement of invasive arterial and central-venous blood pressures (AS/3®; Datex-Ohmeda, Helsinki, Finland). End-tidal fractions of carbon dioxide were monitored using infrared absorption capnography (Julian®; Dräger). Arterial blood gases, oxygen saturation, hemoglobin, and pH were determined immediately after sampling with standard blood gas electrodes (ABL; Radiometer, Copenhagen, Denmark) or spectrophotometry (OSM3; Radiometer).

Ventilatory Measurements
Gas flow and airway pressure were measured at the proximal end of the tracheal tube with a standard monitor for ventilatory measurements (CP 100; Bicore, Irvine, CA). All signals were sampled with an analog/digital converter board (PCM-DAS16S/12, Computer Boards Inc., Mansfield, MA) installed in a personal computer. Digitized signals were stored on magnetic media for off-line analysis. Inspiratory time and ventilatory cycle time were identified by analyzing the gas flow curve. VT and minute ventilation were derived from the integrated gas flow signal.

Cytokine and Chemokine Measurements
Arterial ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid blood samples of 5 mL were centrifuged at 1500g for 5 min; the plasma was aspirated and stored at -70°C. Tracheal fluid was aspirated after instillation of 10 mL of sterile isotonic saline. In thoracic surgery patients, fluid was always instilled and aspirated in the ventilated lumen of the double-lumen tube. The aspirated tracheal fluid was centrifuged at 500g for 15 min and the supernatants were stored at -70°C. Commercially available Cytometric Bead Array (BD Biosciences, Heidelberg, Germany), which allows simultaneous detection of multiple soluble analytes in a particle-based immunoassay, was used to quantitatively measure interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-{alpha}, and IL-12p70 protein levels in tracheal aspirate and serum samples. The assays were performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions and were analyzed using the BD Cytometric Bead Array software.

Protocol
Baseline blood samples were obtained immediately after induction of anesthesia. Patients were then randomly (sealed envelopes) assigned to receive either mechanical ventilation with high VT (12 or 15 mL/kg ideal body weight during thoracic or abdominal surgery, respectively) and ZEEP (high VT and ZEEP group) or VT of 6 mL/kg ideal body weight and PEEP of 10 cm H2O (low VT and PEEP group). The ventilator rate was adjusted to maintain PaCO2 between 35 and 45 mm Hg and ventilatory measurements were performed during stable conditions. In the thoracic surgery group, the ventilatory setting remained unchanged during one-lung ventilation but inspiratory pressure was limited to 35 cm H2O. In case this pressure limit was reached, the setting was changed to pressure-limited ventilation with decelerating inspiratory flow usually allowing decreasing of pressure limit below the upper limit to meet the desired VT. Additional blood was sampled 1, 2, and 3 h after initiation of mechanical ventilation finally followed by tracheal aspiration after 3 h only.

To detect differences in mediator levels between the two ventilatory settings with respect to the subgroups thoracic/abdominal surgery with the given two-sided parallel design at a significance level of 5% ({alpha} = 0.05) with a probability of 80% (ß = 0.20) based on an estimated difference of 0.84 of the parameter’s mean SD, the number of patients to be studied in each group is at least 30.

Results are expressed as mean ± SD unless otherwise stated. All statistical analyses were performed using a statistical software package (STATISTICA for Windows 6.0; StatSoft, Inc., Tulsa, OK). Data were tested for normal distribution with the Shapiro-Wilks W test and analyzed by using one-way or repeated-measures analysis of variance. Data of plasma mediators were analyzed separately after log10 transfor-mation to achieve homoscedasticity (homogenous variances of data sets) and normal distribution. Groups were analyzed by Tukey’s post hoc test only when a significant F ratio was obtained, with differences either within the same type of surgery or within the same ventilatory setting between surgery. Because mediator concentrations in tracheal aspirates still differed significantly from normal distribution even after log10 transformation, these data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U-test. Although this study was not designed to control for the influence of possible cofactors, such as age, gender, and smoking status, the potential influence of these factors was studied by backward regression together with the factors mode of ventilation and surgery. Differences were considered to be statistically significant if P < 0.05.


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Methods
 Results
Discussion
 References
 
Patients
Two patients in the thoracic surgery and low VT group had to be excluded for technical reasons, leaving 62 patients who completed the study. There were no statistically significant differences in demographic or clinical data among groups (Table 1). Types of surgery performed during the study are listed in Table 2.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Table 1. Demographic and Clinical Data
 

View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Table 2. Types of Surgery
 
Ventilation and Respiration
Ventilatory and respiratory variables are shown in Table 3. During mechanical ventilation with low VT, a higher ventilator rate (P < 0.001) was required to achieve the desired PaCO2 range, compared with high VT mechanical ventilation, whereas minute ventilation and inspiratory/cycle time ratio were not significantly different between groups. Mean airway pressure was higher during mechanical ventilation with low VT and PEEP (P < 0.001). In patients who underwent thoracic surgery, maximal airway pressure was higher in the low VT and PEEP group (P < 0.05). Duration of one-lung ventilation in relation to total time of surgery was not different (high VT, ZEEP group 39% ± 16% versus 34% ± 13% low VT, PEEP group). During one-lung ventilation, mean and maximal airway pressures increased in the high VT mechanical ventilation group (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) whereas all other spirometric variables were not different compared with two-lung ventilation (Table 3). PaO2/fraction of inspired oxygen was not statistically different between ventilatory settings and surgery groups but was lower during one-lung ventilation (P < 0.05 high VT and ZEEP, P < 0.01 low VT and PEEP group, respectively). In the abdominal but not in the thoracic surgery group, PaCO2 was higher and pH was lower in patients ventilated with lower VT and PEEP as compared with higher VT and ZEEP (P < 0.01).


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Table 3. Ventilatory and Respiratory Variables
 
Inflammatory Mediators
During both major abdominal and thoracic surgery, overall statistical analysis revealed an increase in measured plasma inflammatory mediators over time (P < 0.001). However, the time course of systemic mediator concentrations did not differ significantly between the two ventilation settings (Fig. 1, A and B, A–F, respectively). By backward regression, no significant influence of the potential cofactors age, smoking history, and gender was observed. Concentrations of measured inflammatory mediators in tracheal aspirate were comparable between mechanical ventilation groups (Fig. 2). An absolute increase in systemic mediator concentrations was larger in the abdominal than in the thoracic surgery group (P < 0.05, Fig. 3A), although the differences were small. The concentrations of pulmonary mediators (except IL-10) were not different after 3 h of abdominal or thoracic surgery (Fig. 3B).



View larger version (28K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Figure 1. Both A and B (A–F, respectively) show time course of inflammatory markers in the plasma of patients during abdominal (left side) and thoracic (right side) surgery. VT = tidal volume, PEEP = positive end-expiratory pressure, ZEEP = zero end-expiratory pressure, TNF = tumor necrosis factor, IL = interleukin.

 


View larger version (24K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Figure 2. Concentrations of measured inflammatory markers in the tracheal aspirate after 3 h of mechanical ventilation and (A) abdominal surgery or (B) thoracic surgery. VT = tidal volume, PEEP = positive end-expiratory pressure, ZEEP = zero end-expiratory pressure, TNF = tumor necrosis factor, IL = interleukin.

 


View larger version (28K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Figure 3. Comparison of absolute plasma concentration increases (differences between values after 3 h and baseline) (A) and absolute tracheal aspirate levels after 3 h of mechanical ventilation (B) between abdominal and thoracic surgery. Data of ventilatory treatment groups were pooled here. TNF = tumor necrosis factor, IL = interleukin, n.s. = not significant.

 

   Discussion
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
References
 
In this clinical study, comparing high VT and ZEEP mechanical ventilation with low VT and PEEP ventilation in patients during major thoracic or abdominal surgery, we found no differences in pulmonary or systemic levels of inflammatory markers depending on ventilatory strategy. Apparently, and in contrast to animal models with ZEEP and end-inspiratory pressures >40 cm H2O (10,12), no translocation of mediators, such as IL-8, depending on the ventilatory setting occurred, thus suggesting that compartmentalization was maintained in our patients.

Our findings seem to be in contrast to basic research demonstrating initiation or perpetuation of local and systemic inflammatory responses to injurious ventilatory strategies using high VT and/or low or zero PEEP (5,9,11,14,15). High VT mechanical ventilation resulted in increased production of proinflammatory cytokines within a few hours whereas low VT and high PEEP ventilatory strategies were associated with reduced mediator levels.

Clinically, it was demonstrated that low VT ventilation of 6–8 mL/kg ideal body weight with moderate (7,16) or high levels of PEEP (8) can decrease mortality in acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome when compared with mechanical ventilation with high VT of at least 12 mL/kg ideal body weight, and that this correlates with lower pulmonary and/or systemic mediator concentrations (5,6). Thus, although ample evidence indicates that mechanical ventilation may alter an existing inflammatory response in patients with acute lung injury, it is not entirely clear whether mechanical ventilation alone can stimulate cytokine production from healthy lungs. In patients with normal lungs ventilated without surgical co-stimuli for one hour, we did not observe changes in the plasma levels of inflammatory mediators (13). Plötz et al. (17) reported an increase in pulmonary TNF and IL-6 levels in anesthetized infants during diagnostic heart catheterization after two hours of conventional mechanical ventilation (17). Unfortunately, the authors did not control for the factors mechanical ventilation, anesthesia, radiation, and the use of a contrast agent.

Whereas in small animal models mechanical ventilation with sufficiently high VT alone is able to trigger an inflammatory response, the somewhat conflicting observations in adults with and without previous pulmonary inflammation may be explained by a two-hit model. According to this model, pulmonary inflammation must already be present (first hit) for injurious mechanical ventilation (second hit) to aggravate the inflammatory response. The physiological basis for such a two-hit model may be given by the fact that lungs from acute respiratory distress syndrome patients are inhomogeneously injured (18), so that the healthy alveoli may overinflate because the atelectatic alveoli produce no counterpressure (19). This hypothesis is supported by several experimental studies showing increased inflammatory responses to high VT mechanical ventilation after an inflammatory first hit (9,10,20).

Previous studies have demonstrated a certain amount of alveolar collapse and atelectasis soon after induction of anesthesia and mechanical ventilation in previously healthy patients (21) which can be prevented with PEEP of 10 cm H2O (22). Because the amount of atelectasis might even increase during surgery and lung volume is reduced during one-lung ventilation, high VT could lead to inspiratory overdistension of lung units which is a contributing factor for ventilator-associated lung injury (23). Thus, the low VT and PEEP ventilatory setting chosen in this study should have attenuated both the alveolar collapse and the overdistension in comparison to the high VT and ZEEP setting (22).

Both of these settings may not reflect the average clinical setting mainly used in the operating room; however, this study was designed to investigate inflammatory effects of different ventilatory settings in a clinical model of ventilator-associated lung injury. In addition, ventilation with high VT and ZEEP may still be used during one-lung ventilation (24), although recent experimental data suggest that ventilator-induced lung injury occurs with this setting (25).

If the two-hit theory were true, the lack of difference between the two ventilatory settings would suggest that even during thoracic surgery, only minimal lung injury was inflicted and that the inflammatory responses to major surgery were not a sufficient "first hit." This is in contrast to patients with acute lung injury already having pulmonary and systemic inflammation and requiring higher inspiratory airway pressures as did our patients with healthy lungs (5,6).

Surgical stimuli during major abdominal and thoracic surgery are associated with increased plasma levels of proinflammatory markers (1–4). In the present study, we extended those previous findings by showing that systemic, but not pulmonary cytokine levels are slightly higher during abdominal surgery. These differences, which likely are biologically insignificant, may be related to minor exposure to intestinal bacteria. Levels of all mediators, except IL-8 were rather low. The higher IL-8 levels are in line with other observations showing increased pulmonary and systemic IL-8 levels in patients undergoing esophagectomy (26,27).

It is of importance to note that we tested each ventilatory setting for only three hours. However, in previous experimental and clinical studies, this period of time was sufficient to cause ventilation-induced mediator release. Experimentally, intraalveolar TNF expression (28) and increased TNF levels in the systemic circulation (10) occurred after one hour of high VT mechanical ventilation in lung injury models. Clinically, in patients with acute lung injury, alveolar and systemic cytokine concentrations increased within one hour after initiating mechanical ventilation with low PEEP and high VT (6). Therefore, and because we observed an inflammatory response to surgery within the study period of three hours, it is not likely that three hours was too short for ventilation-induced cytokine release to occur.

Our data suggest that, in uninjured normal lungs of patients during major abdominal or thoracic surgery, mechanical ventilation with high VT and ZEEP does not increase the pulmonary or systemic inflammatory responses to surgery within three hours. This observation is indirect evidence for the two-hit hypothesis suggesting that high VT and low PEEP mechanical ventilation may induce lung inflammation to clinically important levels in preinjured or infected lungs in the short term, as previously shown, but not in normal lungs even during major surgery.


   Acknowledgments
 
This study was supported by BONFOR Forschungsförderung Grant O-117.0006, University of Bonn; by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Grant Uh 88/4-1, Bonn, Germany; and by departmental funding.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Methods
 Results
 Discussion
 References
 

  1. Yamada T, Hisanaga M, Nakajima Y, et al. Serum interleukin-6, interleukin-8, hepatocyte growth factor, and nitric oxide changes during thoracic surgery. World J Surg 1998; 22: 783–90.[Web of Science][Medline]
  2. Pirttikangas CO, Salo M, Mansikka M, et al. The influence of anaesthetic technique upon the immune response to hysterectomy: a comparison of propofol infusion and isoflurane. Anaesthesia 1995; 50: 1056–61.[Web of Science][Medline]
  3. Crozier TA, Muller JE, Quittkat D, et al. Effect of anaesthesia on the cytokine responses to abdominal surgery. Br J Anaesth 1994; 72: 280–5.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  4. Yim AP, Wan S, Lee TW, Arifi AA. VATS lobectomy reduces cytokine responses compared with conventional surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 70: 243–7.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  5. Ranieri VM, Suter PM, Tortorella C, et al. Effect of mechanical ventilation on inflammatory mediators in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999; 282: 54–61.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  6. Stüber F, Wrigge H, Schroeder S, et al. Kinetic and reversibility of mechanical ventilation-associated pulmonary and systemic inflammatory response in patients with acute lung injury. Intensive Care Med 2002; 28: 834–41.[Web of Science][Medline]
  7. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1301–8.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  8. Amato MB, Barbas CS, Medeiros DM, et al. Effect of a protective-ventilation strategy on mortality in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 347–54.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  9. Tremblay L, Valenza F, Ribeiro SP, et al. Injurious ventilatory strategies increase cytokines and c-fos m-RNA expression in an isolated rat lung model. J Clin Invest 1997; 99: 944–52.[Web of Science][Medline]
  10. Chiumello D, Pristine G, Slutsky AS. Mechanical ventilation affects local and systemic cytokines in an animal model of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160: 109–16.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  11. von-Bethmann AN, Brasch F, Nusing R, et al. Hyperventilation induces release of cytokines from perfused mouse lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: 263–72.
  12. Haitsma JJ, Uhlig S, Goggel R, et al. Ventilator-induced lung injury leads to loss of alveolar and systemic compartmentalization of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Intensive Care Med 2000; 26: 1515–22.[Web of Science][Medline]
  13. Wrigge H, Zinserling J, Stüber F, et al. Effects of mechanical ventilation on release of cytokines into systemic circulation in patients with normal pulmonary function. Anesthesiology 2000; 93: 1413–7.[Web of Science][Medline]
  14. Pugin J, Dunn I, Jolliet P, et al. Activation of human macrophages by mechanical ventilation in vitro. Am J Physiol 1998; 275: L1040–50.
  15. Kotani N, Takahashi S, Sessler DI, et al. Volatile anesthetics augment expression of proinflammatory cytokines in rat alveolar macrophages during mechanical ventilation. Anesthesiology 1999; 91: 187–97.[Web of Science][Medline]
  16. Hickling KG, Henderson SJ. Low mortality associated with low volume pressure limited ventilation with permissive hypercapnia in severe adult respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med 1990; 16: 372–7.[Web of Science][Medline]
  17. Plötz FB, Vreugdenhil HA, Slutsky AS, et al. Mechanical ventilation alters the immune response in children without lung pathology. Intensive Care Med 2002; 28: 486–92.[Web of Science][Medline]
  18. Gattinoni L, Bombino M, Pelosi P, et al. Lung structure and function in different stages of severe adult respiratory distress syndrome. JAMA 1994; 271: 1772–9.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  19. Uhlig S, Uhlig U. Molecular mechanisms of pro-inflammatory responses in overventilated lungs. Recent Res Dev Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 1: 49–58.
  20. Held HD, Boettcher S, Hamann L, Uhlig S. Ventilation-induced chemokine and cytokine release is associated with activation of nuclear factor-kappaB and is blocked by steroids. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163: 711–6.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  21. Rothen HU, Sporre B, Englberg G, et al. Re-expansion of atelectasis during general anaesthesia: a computed tomography study. Br J Anaesth 1993; 71: 788–95.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  22. Neumann P, Rothen HU, Berglund JE, et al. Positive end-expiratory pressure prevents atelectasis during general anaesthesia even in the presence of a high inspired oxygen concentration. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1999; 43: 295–301.[Web of Science][Medline]
  23. International consensus conferences in intensive care medicine. Ventilator-associated lung injury in ARDS. American Thoracic Society, European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, Societe de Reanimation Langue Francaise. Intensive Care Med 1999; 25: 1444–52.[Web of Science][Medline]
  24. Benumof JL. Conventional and differential lung management of one-lung ventilation. In: Benumof JL, ed. Anesthesia for thoracic surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1991: 406–31.
  25. Gama de Abreu M, Heintz M, Heller A, et al. One-lung ventilation with high tidal volumes and zero positive end-expiratory pressure is injurious in the isolated rabbit lung model. Anesth Analg 2003; 96: 220–8.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  26. Kooguchi K, Kobayashi A, Kitamura Y, et al. Elevated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and inflammatory cytokines in the alveolar macrophages after esophagectomy. Crit Care Med 2002; 30: 71–6.[Web of Science][Medline]
  27. Tsukada K, Hasegawa T, Miyazaki T, et al. Predictive value of interleukin-8 and granulocyte elastase in pulmonary complication after esophagectomy. Am J Surg 2001; 181: 167–71.[Web of Science][Medline]
  28. Takata M, Abe J, Tanaka H, et al. Intraalveolar expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene during conventional and high-frequency ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156: 272–9.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
Accepted for publication September 24, 2003.




This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 ThoraxHome page
E R Fernandez-Perez, J Sprung, B Afessa, D O Warner, C M Vachon, D R Schroeder, D R Brown, R D Hubmayr, and O Gajic
Intraoperative ventilator settings and acute lung injury after elective surgery: a nested case control study
Thorax, February 1, 2009; 64(2): 121 - 127.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 SEMIN CARDIOTHORAC VASC ANESTHHome page
F. T. Lytle and D. R. Brown
Appropriate Ventilatory Settings for Thoracic Surgery: Intraoperative and Postoperative
Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, June 1, 2008; 12(2): 97 - 108.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol.Home page
R. M. Determann, E. K. Wolthuis, G. Choi, P. Bresser, A. Bernard, R. Lutter, and M. J. Schultz
Lung epithelial injury markers are not influenced by use of lower tidal volumes during elective surgery in patients without preexisting lung injury
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, February 1, 2008; 294(2): L344 - L350.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Br J AnaesthHome page
O. Pruszkowski, N. Dalibon, M. Moutafis, E. Jugan, J. D. Law-Koune, P. A. Laloe, and M. Fischler
Effects of propofol vs sevoflurane on arterial oxygenation during one-lung ventilation
Br. J. Anaesth., April 1, 2007; 98(4): 539 - 544.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc Am Thorac SocHome page
M. M. Wurfel
Microarray-based Analysis of Ventilator-induced Lung Injury
Proceedings of the ATS, January 1, 2007; 4(1): 77 - 84.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 ChestHome page
J. A. Frank, P. E. Parsons, and M. A. Matthay
Pathogenetic Significance of Biological Markers of Ventilator-Associated Lung Injury in Experimental and Clinical Studies
Chest, December 1, 2006; 130(6): 1906 - 1914.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
P. Slinger
Pro: low tidal volume is indicated during one-lung ventilation.
Anesth. Analg., August 1, 2006; 103(2): 268 - 270.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.Home page
E. Crimi, H. Zhang, R. N. N. Han, L. D. Sorbo, V.M. Ranieri, and A. S. Slutsky
Ischemia and Reperfusion Increases Susceptibility to Ventilator-induced Lung Injury in Rats
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., July 15, 2006; 174(2): 178 - 186.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Anesth. Analg.Home page
T. Schilling, A. Kozian, C. Huth, F. Buhling, M. Kretzschmar, T. Welte, and T. Hachenberg
The Pulmonary Immune Effects of Mechanical Ventilation in Patients Undergoing Thoracic Surgery
Anesth. Analg., October 1, 2005; 101(4): 957 - 965.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.Home page
E. Zupancich, D. Paparella, F. Turani, C. Munch, A. Rossi, S. Massaccesi, and V. M. Ranieri
Mechanical ventilation affects inflammatory mediators in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass for cardiac surgery: A randomized clinical trial
J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., August 1, 2005; 130(2): 378 - 383.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 SEMIN CARDIOTHORAC VASC ANESTHHome page
K. P. Grichnik and T. A. D'Amico
Acute Lung Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome After Pulmonary Resection
Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, December 1, 2004; 8(4): 317 - 334.
[Abstract] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a colleague
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in Web of Science
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Web of Science (36)
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Wrigge, H.
Right arrow Articles by Putensen, C.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Wrigge, H.
Right arrow Articles by Putensen, C.
Related Collections
Right arrow Critical Care
Right arrow Trauma
Right arrow Monitoring (Non-cardiac)

Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins Anesthesia & Analgesia® is published for the International Anesthesia Research Society® by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins with the assistance of Stanford University Libraries' HighWire Press®. Copyright 2006 by the International Anesthesia Research Society. Online ISSN: 1526-7598   Print ISSN: 0003-2999 HighWire Press